Evaluation of the Performance of an Ocular Surface Modulator Containing ST-Lysyal Versus Hyaluronic Acid Eyedrops in Patients with Dry Eye Disease: A Pilot Study.

Introduction: Dry eye disease (DED) is a multifactorial condition of the ocular surface, primarily treated with tear substitutes, which do not fully restore natural tear functions. In this pilot study, we tested the hypothesis that T-Lysyal (T-Lys) improves symptoms and signs in patients with DED. Additionally, we provide a literature overview on the effects of T-Lys in ophthalmology and non-ophthalmology conditions to elucidate its mechanisms of action.

One Soul and Several Faces of Evaporative Dry Eye Disease.

The ocular surface system interacts with, reacts with, and adapts to the daily continuous insults, trauma, and stimuli caused by direct exposure to the atmosphere and environment. Several tissue and para-inflammatory mechanisms interact to guarantee such an ultimate function, hence maintaining its healthy homeostatic equilibrium. Evaporation seriously affects the homeostasis of the system, thereby becoming a critical trigger in the pathogenesis of the vicious cycle of dry eye disease (DED).

Dry eye disease pathogenesis and clinical signs: searching for correspondence in the clinical practice.

Background: Ocular surface alterations causing dry eye disease (DED) can be described as a vicious circle consisting of different consecutive stages. Among the factors involved, the ocular surface immune-inflammatory response has been established as a key player in the pathogenesis of the vicious circle of DED. Thus, the prompt recognition of the disruption of the immunoregulatory mechanisms is crucial for properly managing the ocular surface alterations.

Preventing and Managing Iatrogenic Dry Eye Disease during the Entire Surgical Pathway: A Study Focusing on Patients Undergoing Cataract Surgery.

Patient expectations for cataract surgery are continuously increasing, and dry eye disease (DED) represents a major cause of patient dissatisfaction in eye surgery. The present opinion paper aims to provide useful insights to improve the entire pathway of a patient undergoing cataract surgery, from the preoperative setting to the postoperative one. The available evidence from main clinical trials published on this topic is presented in association with experience-based points of view by the authors.

Increased expression of neutrophil CD15 correlates with the severity of anterior ocular surface damage in type II diabetes mellitus.

Background: Diabetes mellitus is associated with increased risk of ocular surface diseases in elderly. We consider neutrophil CD15 as a potential marker of ocular surface damage in type II diabetes mellitus patients.

Aim: We aimed to evaluate expression of neutrophil CD15 and correlate it with results of conjunctival impression cytology and routine objective anterior ocular surface tests (TMH, NIBUT, LLT, MGD) in T2DM patients.

Dry eye in mind: Exploring the relationship between sleep and ocular surface diseases.

Purpose: Dry Eye Disease (DED) is regarded as the most common ocular surface disease worldwide, entailing symptoms that have a major impact on the physical and psychological well-being of DED patients. In this context, the impact of sleep quality on DED has recently attracted attention. Indeed, although little is known about the mechanisms underlying the relationship between sleep and ocular surface diseases, recent evidence suggests that a reciprocal relationship exists between sleep quality and DED.

Dry Eye Disease: What Is the Role of Vitamin D?

Dry eye disease (DED) is a multifactorial condition resulting from reduced tear secretion from the lacrimal glands, increased tear water evaporation or the production of poor-quality tears. Such tear instability can lead to inflammation and damage of the ocular surface, as well as to abnormal nociception. Historically, tear substitutes and corticosteroids have been the bastion of DED therapy, but a substantial number of patients still suffer from residual symptoms even after being treated with traditional treatments.

The Management of Dry Eye Disease: Proceedings of Italian Dry Eye Consensus Group Using the Delphi Method.

Dry eye disease (DED) is a highly prevalent, chronic and progressive condition that affects 5-33% of the world's adult population [...

Efficacy of Lifitegrast Ophthalmic Solution, 5.0%, in Patients With Moderate to Severe Dry Eye Disease: A Post Hoc Analysis of 2 Randomized Clinical Trials.

Importance: An investigation of the treatment effect of lifitegrast ophthalmic solution, 5.0%, in different subgroups by severity of dry eye disease (DED) seems warranted.

Objective: To explore the heterogeneity across different subgroups of DED and identify which participants were most likely to achieve clinically meaningful benefit with lifitegrast treatment.

Development of a Novel Immuno-Competent Model of Dry Eye Disease and Its Use to Evaluate the Efficacy of an Ocular Surface Modulator.

Purpose: To develop an model of severe immunocompetent-dry eye disease (ic-DED) and to investigate the mechanism of action of a T-lysial ocular surface modulator.

Materials And Methods: The reconstructed human corneal epithelium (HCE) was exposed to dryness stimuli. THP-1 cell infiltration into HCE was monitored at 4 h and 24 h from T-lysial application by immunohistochemistry (CD14, CD86, AQP3) and molecular biology (AQP3, TLR4 and TNF-α).

Review of Preclinical Outcomes of a Topical Cationic Emulsion of Cyclosporine A for the Treatment of Ocular Surface Diseases.

Background: Cyclosporine A (CsA) has been used as a topical treatment for various ocular surface diseases including dry eye disease (DED). Several CsA formulations are available as solutions or emulsions.

Purpose: This review describes the development and the preclinical testing of a cationic oil-in-water emulsion of CsA (CE-CsA) in terms of pharmacodynamics, pharmacokinetics, and ocular tolerance.

Are there Clinical Ways to Assess Inflammation in Dry Eye Disease?

In the diagnostic process of dry eye disease, the detection of inflammatory activity is critical in order to evaluate the risk of progression and immunologic shift of the disease, to predict patient response to treatment, and to design an efficient therapeutic strategy, including artificial tear replacement, punctal occlusion or anti-inflammatory therapy.Even if it is difficult to quantify, some indicators of the presence of inflammation are collectible during the examination of the ocular surface in a first-line clinical setting. This review presents and critically discusses the assessment of inflammation in dry eye disease in clinical practice.

The Subtle Role of Para-inflammation in Modulating the Progression of Dry Eye Disease.

In patients with DED, the continuous stimuli induced by excessive or persistent cold fiber sensors and overstimulation of nociceptors, as well as tear hyperosmolarity induced by evaporative stress, induce a transitory protective adaptation response called para-inflammation to restore ocular surface homeostasis. This mild subclinical inflammatory status (a type of hormetic response) can become chronic if the stimuli or tissue malfunction is present for a sustained period, causing persistent symptoms and damage to ocular surface epithelia.We review the mechanisms that characterize the transition from para-inflammation to a persistent inflammatory status of the ocular surface, including accumulation of biological waste and damaged/dysfunctional proteins, which, in normal conditions, are eliminated by autophagy, activation of the inflammasomes, and what is currently known about their role in DED pathogenesis.

The ocular microbiome and microbiota and their effects on ocular surface pathophysiology and disorders.

The ocular surface flora perform an important role in the defense mechanisms of the ocular surface system. Its regulation of the immunological activity and the barrier effect against pathogen invasion are remarkable. Composition of the flora differs according to the methods of investigation, because the microbiome, composed of the genetic material of bacteria, fungi, viruses, protozoa, and eukaryotes on the ocular surface, differs from the microbiota, which are the community of microorganisms that colonize the ocular surface.

Ocular surface response of two preservative-free cylcosporine A emulsion eye drops in a mouse model of dry eye.

Purpose/aim: Dry eye (DE) disease is a multifactorial disease in which uncontrolled inflammation can lead to corneal epithelium lesions and symptoms of discomfort. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the efficacy of two cyclosporine emulsions in a mouse model of DE with corneal epithelium lesions.

Materials And Methods: Six- to 9-week-old female C57BL/6 N mice were housed in a controlled-environment room to induce DE.

Dry eye disease treatment: the role of tear substitutes, their future, and an updated classification.

Objective: The aim of this review is to summarize the results of a consensus meeting held by a group of experts in dry eye disease (DED) to discuss the importance of tear substitutes in the treatment of DED. The meeting focused especially on the main characteristics of lacrimal substitutes, the development of in vitro models to investigate DED pathophysiology and treatment, the importance of conducting rigorous clinical trials, the requirements of the upcoming European Legislation on medical devices, the advances in the formulation of safer preservatives, the peculiarities of treatment in younger subjects, and the importance of an updated terminology for lacrimal substitutes.

Materials And Methods: A literature search was conducted using MEDLINE, with different combinations of pertinent keywords, depending on the subject under discussion, such as "dry eye disease"; "tear substitutes"; "in vitro models"; "ocular surface"; "clinical trials"; "European Regulation"; "preservatives" "younger patients".

Ocular Pharmacological Profile of Hydrocortisone in Dry Eye Disease.

To investigate the ocular pharmacological profile of hydrocortisone (HC) using and models of dry eye disease. Rabbit corneal epithelial cells (SIRCs) were used to assess the effect of HC in two paradigms of corneal damage: hyperosmotic stress and scratch-wound assay. Dry eye was induced in albino rabbits by topical administration of atropine sulfate or by injection of concanavalin A (ConA) into the lacrimal gland.