Increasing brain half-life of antibodies by additional binding to myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein, a CNS specific protein.

Background: Therapeutic antibodies for the treatment of neurological disease show great potential, but their applications are rather limited due to limited brain exposure. The most well-studied approach to enhance brain influx of protein therapeutics, is receptor-mediated transcytosis (RMT) by targeting nutrient receptors to shuttle protein therapeutics over the blood-brain barrier (BBB) along with their endogenous cargos. While higher brain exposure is achieved with RMT, the timeframe is short due to rather fast brain clearance.

Toward a biological definition of neuronal and glial synucleinopathies.

Cerebral accumulation of alpha-synuclein (αSyn) aggregates is the hallmark event in a group of neurodegenerative diseases-collectively called synucleinopathies-which include Parkinson's disease, dementia with Lewy bodies and multiple system atrophy. Currently, these are diagnosed by their clinical symptoms and definitively confirmed postmortem by the presence of αSyn deposits in the brain. Here, we summarize the drawbacks of the current clinical definition of synucleinopathies and outline the rationale for moving toward an earlier, biology-anchored definition of these disorders, with or without the presence of clinical symptoms.

Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor 3 localized to primary endothelial cilia regulates blood pressure and cognition.

We previously demonstrated that the inability of primary endothelial cilia to sense fluid shear stress can lead to nitric oxide (NO) deficiency and cause hypertension (HTN). Decreased biosynthesis of NO contributes to cerebral amyloid angiopathy in Alzheimer's disease (AD) patients through increased deposition of amyloid beta (Aβ). However, the molecular mechanisms underlying the pathogenesis of HTN and AD are incompletely understood.

Neonatal intermittent hypoxemia events are associated with later systemic hypertension.

Background: Approximately 5% of very premature infants delivered at less than 30 weeks' gestation have systemic hypertension. In adult human and animal models, intermittent hypoxemia events are associated with systemic hypertension. In neonates, intermittent hypoxemia events are associated with adverse outcomes, but it is unknown if they are a risk factor for hypertension.

Comparison of postoperative oxygenation in children receiving sugammadex versus neostigmine for reversal of neuromuscular blockade: a retrospective cohort study.

Purpose: Residual neuromuscular blockade can impair postoperative respiratory mechanics, promoting hypoxemia and pulmonary complications. Sugammadex, with its unique mechanism of action, may offer a more effective reversal of neuromuscular blockade and respiratory function than neostigmine. We sought to test the primary hypothesis that children undergoing noncardiac surgery exhibit better initial recovery oxygenation when administered sugammadex than those administered neostigmine.

Firearm Deaths Impacting Older Adults.

Each year in the United States (U.S.) thousands of older adults die from firearm-related injuries.

Mechanisms of removing terdizolamide phosphate from water by the activation of potassium peroxymonosulfate with CeFeO biochar.

Terdizolamide phosphate (TZD), a second-generation oxazolidinone antibiotic with a long half-cycle, poses a potential threat to ecosystems and humans if present in water over an extended duration. Magnetic biochar (CF-biochar) loaded with CeFeO was firstly synthesized by microwave ablation-anaerobic carbonization using corn straw as raw material and Ce(NO) and Fe(NO) as modifiers. These modifiers were used as activators for peroxymonosulfate (PMS) and adsorbents for removing TZD.

Valorization of nano-scrap carbon iron filings as heterogeneous electro-Fenton catalyst for the removal of anticancer drug: insight into degradation mechanism.

This study employs mechanically synthesized nano-scrap carbon iron filings (nSCIF) as a cost-effective and sustainable catalyst in heterogeneous electro-Fenton process. The catalytic behaviour of nSCIF was studied for the oxidation of cytarabine (CBN) under the influence of various experimental parameters such as pH, catalyst dose and applied current density. The highest removal efficiency (~ 99%) was achieved in 90 min of reaction at pH 3, 0.

Extraction, Isolation, and Structural Elucidation of Acylated Triterpene Saponins from Asteraceae Family.

Saponins represent specialized (secondary) metabolites primarily sourced from plants, typically characterized by an aglycone component of triterpenoids or steroids, often referred to as sapogenin, coupled with sugar moieties. Their structural intricacy and diversity, along with their manifold pharmacological properties, have garnered significant interest among researchers. Notwithstanding this interest, the study of saponins has been encumbered by challenges in their isolation, purification, and structural characterization.

Successful Endoscopic Management of Oxyntic Gland Adenoma: A Case Report.

Oxyntic gland adenomas (OGAs) are benign gastric neoplasms composed of gland-forming epithelial cells with predominantly chief cell differentiation resembling oxyntic glands confined to the mucosa. If the tumor has submucosal invasion, it should be classified as gastric adenocarcinoma of fundic gland type. The OGAs can pose a diagnostic challenge, as they can resemble aggressive gastric neoplasms.

Electroselective and Controlled Cross-Coupling of Isoindolinones with Alcohols.

A novel and efficient electrochemical method for electroselective and controlled cross-coupling of isoindolinones with equivalent alcohols has been developed without the need for metal catalysts and strong bases under mild conditions. The reaction provides a novel strategy for the controllable and effective synthesis of 3-alkoxyl and -hydroxymethyl-substituted isoindolinones, which is adjusted by 4-OH-TEMPO and tolerates various substrates. This protocol is an efficient tool for the construction of C-O and C-N bonds with high chemoselectivity.

COVID-19 and influenza vaccine Hesitancy among adults hospitalized in the United States, 2019-2022.

Background: Understanding similarities and differences between hesitancy for influenza and COVID-19 vaccines could facilitate strategies to improve public receptivity toward vaccination.

Methods: We compared hesitancy for COVID-19 vaccines during the first 13 months of availability (January 2021-January 2022) with hesitancy for influenza vaccines in the 15 months prior to COVID-19 vaccine availability (October 2019-December 2020) among adults hospitalized with acute respiratory illness at 21 hospitals in the United States. We interviewed patients regarding vaccination status, willingness to be vaccinated, and perceptions of vaccine safety and efficacy.

The One Taboo Question.

Income is an important social determinant of health, yet it is rarely discussed among patients and clinicians. Discussing income could open the door to addressing issues like high deductibles, prescription costs, copays, housing expenses, and medical debt. We identify ways to overcome obstacles to talking about this taboo subject.

Characterization of human alcohol dehydrogenase 4 and aldehyde dehydrogenase 2 as enzymes involved in the formation of 5-carboxylpirfenidone, a major metabolite of pirfenidone.

Pirfenidone (PIR) is used in the treatment of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. After oral administration, it is metabolized by cytochrome P450 1A2 to 5-hydroxylpirfenidone (5-OH PIR) and further oxidized to 5-carboxylpirfenidone (5-COOH PIR), a major metabolite excreted in the urine (90% of the dose). This study aimed to identify enzymes that catalyze the formation of 5-COOH PIR from 5-OH PIR in the human liver.

Human enteroid monolayers: A novel, functionally stable model for investigating oral drug disposition.

To further the development of an in vitro model that faithfully recapitulates drug disposition of orally administered drugs, we investigated the utility of human enteroid monolayers to simultaneously assess intestinal drug absorption and first-pass metabolism processes. We cultured human enteroid monolayers from 3 donors, derived via biopsies containing duodenal stem cells that were propagated and then differentiated atop permeable Transwell inserts, and confirmed transformation into a largely enterocyte population via RNA sequencing analysis and immunocytochemistry (ICC) assays. Proper cell morphology was assessed and confirmed via bright field microscopy and ICC imaging of tight junction proteins and other apically and basolaterally localized proteins.

Updates in Arterial Ulcers.

Arterial ulcers are a clinical symptom of a complex array of underlying comorbid factors, namely peripheral artery disease (PAD). Chronic limb-threatening ischemia is representative of end-stage PAD. Ulcers of other etiologies can carry an arterial component, mandating recognition of risk factors, a comprehensive history and physical examination, and appropriate diagnostic testing in lower extremity ulcers.

A Latent Trait-based Measure as a Data Harmonization and Missing Data Solution Applied to the Environmental Influences on Child Health Outcomes Cohort.

Background: Collaborative research consortia provide an efficient method to increase sample size, enabling evaluation of subgroup heterogeneity and rare outcomes. In addition to missing data challenges faced by all cohort studies like nonresponse and attrition, collaborative studies have missing data due to differences in study design and measurement of the contributing studies.

Methods: We extend ROSETTA, a latent variable method that creates common measures across datasets collecting the same latent constructs with only partial overlap in measures, to define a common measure of socioeconomic status (SES) across cohorts with varying indicators in the Environmental influences on Child Health Outcomes Cohort, a consortium of pregnancy and pediatric cohorts.

Ferric Nitrate as a Bifunctional Catalyst for Dehydration and Oxidative Cleavage-Esterification of Tertiary Alcohols.

The selective oxidative cleavage and functionalization of C(OH)-C bonds in tertiary alcohols harbor immense feasibility in organic synthesis and enable the production of high value-added chemicals from renewable biomass. However, it remains a challenge, owing to the inherent kinetic inertness and thermodynamic stability of C(OH)-C bonds and the lack of C-H. Taking the huge potential and challenge of C(OH)-C bond activation and functionalization into consideration, herein, we show the first example of an inexpensive bifunctional ferric nitrate catalyst for catalytic direct oxidation of structurally distinct tertiary alcohols to esters with environmentally benign molecular oxygen as an oxidant and MeOH as a solvent, without the assistance of any additives.

Conflicts of interest in the International Agency for Research on Cancer process of identifying carcinogenic hazards to humans.

Managing conflicts of interest (COIs) in scientific decision-making is important for minimizing bias and fostering public trust in science. Proper management of COIs has added significance when scientists are making decisions that impact public policy, such as assessing substances for carcinogenicity. The International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) organizes expert working groups to identify putative carcinogens and determine whether or not the hazard is likely to present significant potential harm to humans.

Pretreatment of enzymatic hydrolysis lignin based on deep eutectic solvent containing a reversibly-soluble base.

The pretreatment with green deep eutectic solvents (DESs) is conducive to realizing the high-efficiency utilization of lignin at a low cost. In this study, an innovative choline chloride/urea/calcium hydroxide (ChCl/UR/Ca(OH)) DES containing a reversibly-soluble base Ca(OH) was developed for the pretreatment of enzymatic hydrolysis lignin (EHL). The lignin pretreatment effects of the proposed ChCl/UR/Ca(OH) DES were compare with a series of DESs.

Multifunctional starch-based conductive hydrogels for smart sensors and flexible supercapacitors.

In order to overcome harsh working environments and meet eco-friendly demands, the development of environmentally tolerant and recyclable hydrogels is necessary. Herein, multifunctional conductive hydrogel was successfully constructed by introducing starch into polyvinyl alcohol (PVA)/glycerin (Gly)/lithium chloride (LiCl) hydrogel. Starch is rich in active sites (-OH groups) that provide a variety of physical interactions for the construction of polymer hydrogels.

Enhanced capacity in cellulose aerogel for carbon dioxide capture through modified by metal-organic framework.

Microporous metal-organic frameworks (MOF) exhibit excellent carbon dioxide (CO) adsorption performance and selectivity for CO/N separation. However, the challenges associate with the recycling and reuse of MOF powders hinder their practical applications. To address these limitations, a flexible and stable MOF-based composite material was designed by immobilizing UiO-66(Zr)-(OH) onto cellulose nanofibers (CNFs) aerogels (MOF-CNFs), which featured high porosity.