Distribution of HPV Types in Cervical Cancer in Pakistan: Implications for Screening and Vaccination Programs.

Background: HPV plays a key role in the development of cervical cancer. This study aims to investigate the prevalence of HPV genotypes in patients with Squamous cell carcinoma (SSC) and Adenocarcinoma (ADC) at NORI cancer Hospital Pakistan, with the aim of improving screening and prevention strategies.

Method: Cervical scrapings were collected from 129 diagnosed cervical cancer patients.

Lost Connection: A Case Report of Interrupted Pituitary Stalk Syndrome.

Pituitary stalk interruption syndrome is a triad of thin (<1 mm) or complete absence of the pituitary stalk with either an aplastic or ectopic posterior lobe of the pituitary gland and a hypoplastic or absent anterior lobe of the pituitary. Patients present with growth retardation, short height, seizures, intellectual disability, and absence of sexual maturation at the expected time. Here, we presented a case of a 12-year-old male with stunted growth.

Balancing Innovation and Patient Care in Breast Cancer: Integrating Hypofractionated Proton Therapy With Breast Reconstruction Outcomes.

This review aims to assess the application of hypofractionated proton therapy in breast cancer reconstruction, analyzing its advantages, challenges, and broader implications for patient care. The goal is to comprehensively understand how this innovative approach can be integrated into breast cancer treatment. Proton therapy exhibits superior target coverage and safety, reducing radiation-induced complications and sparing critical organs, but skin toxicity outcomes differ from photon therapy.

Reticulocyte Hemoglobin Equivalent: Diagnostic Performance in Assessment of Iron Deficiency in Patients with Hypothyroidism.

Introduction: Iron deficiency affects approximately 30% of the world population and is frequently encountered in hypothyroid patients. Early recognition and prompt treatment of iron deficiency in hypothyroid patients lead to a favorable outcome. The aim of this study is to prove the usefulness of reticulocyte hemoglobin equivalent (Ret-He) as a reliable and effective tool in diagnosis of iron deficiency in hypothyroid patients.

Evaluation of Three Rapid Screening Tests for Detection of Hepatitis C Antibodies on Mass Scale.

Hepatitis C virus (HCV) is a leading health problem across the globe. Only 20% of HCV positive individuals know their positive disease status. Effective HCV screening tests are required to screen both general and high-risk populations and identify the silent cases of HCV.

Hereditary brain tumor with a homozygous germline mutation in PMS2: pedigree analysis and prenatal screening in a family with constitutional mismatch repair deficiency (CMMRD) syndrome.

Precise genetic counseling and prenatal diagnosis are often hindered by incomplete penetrance of risk variance and complex patterns of inheritance. Here, we performed a clinical and genetic study of a five-generation Pakistani family with a history of multiple cases of childhood brain tumors. Six affected individuals died of brain tumors at very early ages and three were confirmed as having a homozygous mutation in exon 6 of the PMS2 gene (c.

Predictors of Therapeutic Outcome to Nucleotide Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitor in Hepatitis B Patients.

Hepatitis B is a clinically important public health issue. Infection leads to hepatocellular carcinoma. Therefore, patients need antiviral therapy for prolonged period to prevent the complication of the disease.

Analysis of Host and Viral-Related Factors Associated to Direct Acting Antiviral Response in Hepatitis C Virus Patients.

Hepatitis C virus (HCV) signifies an important health issue as it is a globally prevalent pathogen and poses a great threat to human health. Direct antiviral therapy became a landmark in treatment against chronic HCV infection as they have proven to increase sustained virological response (SVR) rate, provide shortened and simplified regimens. This study aimed to evaluate efficacy of Sofosbuvir and classify factors of treatment success and their function in therapy continuation decision.

Corrigendum to "Metastatic hepatoid carcinoma of ovarian origin - A case report from Northern Pakistan" [Gynecol. Oncol. Rep. 21 (2017) 24-27].

[This corrects the article DOI: 10.1016/j.gore.

Human papillomavirus infection in females with normal cervical cytology: Genotyping and phylogenetic analysis among women in Punjab, Pakistan.

Background: Globally, cervical cancer is the fourth most common cancer in women and the seventh most common cancer overall, accounting for an estimated 300 000 annual deaths. Human papillomavirus (HPV) is the second most common cause of cervical cancer worldwide. HPV screening is not a common practice in Pakistan.

Prediction of promiscuous T cell epitopes in RNA dependent RNA polymerase of Chikungunya virus.

Objective: To explore RNA dependent RNA polymerase of Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) and develop T cell based epitopes with high antigenicity and good binding affinity for the human leukocyte antigen (HLA) classes as targets for epitopes based CHIKV vaccine.

Methods: In this study we downloaded 371 non-structural protein 4 protein sequences of CHIKV belonging to different regions of the world from the US National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID) virus pathogen resource database. All the sequences were aligned by using CLUSTALW software and a consensus sequence was developed by using Uni Pro U Gene Software version 1.

Prevalence of hepatitis C in people who inject drugs in the cities of Rawalpindi and Islamabad, Pakistan.

Pakistan has the second highest burden of hepatitis C (HCV) in the world. The major route of HCV transmission is contaminated blood or needle sharing. Seventy percent of people who inject drugs (PWIDs) shared needles at some time in their addiction history.

Metastatic hepatoid carcinoma of ovarian origin - a case report from northern Pakistan.

•Hepatoid carcinoma of the ovary is rapidly progressing rare epithelial ovarian tumor.•The term 'hepatoid' refers to the morphological resemblance with hepatocellular carcinoma.•Final diagnosis is made via positive staining for alpha fetoprotein along with immunohistochemistry•Combination chemotherapy can be considered superior over the targeted agents while treating this tumor.

Zika virus: Global health challenge, threat and current situation.

ZIKV has emerged as grave global health issue in the past few years. ZIKV was firstly isolated in 1947 from a rhesus sentinel monkey in the Zika forest in Uganda. It is usually transmitted by the bite of infected mosquitoes and infects skin fibroblasts, skin keratinocytes, etc.

Annihilation of Leishmania by daylight responsive ZnO nanoparticles: a temporal relationship of reactive oxygen species-induced lipid and protein oxidation.

Lipid and protein oxidation are well-known manifestations of free radical activity and oxidative stress. The current study investigated extermination of Leishmania tropica promastigotes induced by lipid and protein oxidation with reactive oxygen species produced by PEGylated metal-based nanoparticles. The synthesized photodynamic therapy-based doped and nondoped zinc oxide nanoparticles were activated in daylight that produced reactive oxygen species in the immediate environment.

Optimum predictors of therapeutic outcome in HCV patients in Pakistan.

Hepatitis C virus (HCV) constitutes a major public health issue in Pakistan. Interferon α and ribavirin is used widely in routine practice in HCV infected patients in Pakistan.Treatment prediction is an important tool in therapy management.

Molecular epidemiology of hepatitis C virus genotypes in different geographical regions of Punjab Province in Pakistan and a phylogenetic analysis.

Background: Hepatitis C virus (HCV) is a causative agent of chronic liver disease, cirrhosis, and hepatocellular carcinoma. In Pakistan, more than 10 million people are living with HCV. Very little is known about the genotype distribution in Punjab Province, the largest province of Pakistan.

Polyostotic Paget's disease.

Paget's disease of bone is a common metabolic bone disease in most of the European countries. The disease has distinct geographical distribution being rare in Asia. We report Paget's disease in a 70 years old Pakistani male who presented with history of pain in right leg with difficulty in walking for the last 5 months.

Analysis of variables and interactions among variables associated with a sustained virological response to pegylated interferon alfa-2a plus ribavirin in hepatitis C virus genotype 3-infected patients.

Background: The recommended standard therapeutic regimen for chronic hepatitis patients with hepatitis C virus (HCV) genotype 3 is pegylated interferon plus ribavirin for 24 weeks. The aim of the present study was to evaluate treatment efficacy and variables predictive of treatment success, interactions among variables contributing to a response to therapy, and the utility of the rapid virological response (RVR; week 4 virological response) to predict treatment outcomes in HCV genotype 3-infected patients in routine clinical practice.

Methods: We prospectively studied baseline and during-treatment factors associated with a sustained virological response (SVR) in HCV genotype 3-infected patients who received pegylated interferon alfa-2a (PEG-IFN α2a) 180 μg/week plus ribavirin 800 mg daily for 24 weeks and who were followed for 24 weeks after the completion of treatment.

Carcinosarcoma of the breast.

Carcinosarcoma of the breast is an extremely rare and aggressive tumour with two distinct cell lines comprising epithelial and mesenchymal components, with few cases reported in the literature. The prognosis of carcinosarcoma breast is less favourable compared to more common types of breast cancers such as infiltrating ductal or lobular carcinomas. These tumours form a diagnostic and therapeutic challenge.

Analytical variables influencing the HCV RNA determination by TaqMan real-time PCR in routine clinical laboratory practice.

Hepatitis C virus (HCV) quantification is used as a prognostic marker for treatment success. In a routine clinical laboratory some infinitesimal sample handling factors can contribute to variability and loss of precision in HCV quantification. This may include blood collection tubes, blood drawing procedure, sample processing and storage temperatures.

Predictors of response to antiviral therapy in patients with chronic hepatitis C from Pakistani population.

Background: Hepatitis C virus (HCV) constitutes a major public health issue around the world, especially in developing countries like Pakistan. In this study, we assessed outcome of interferon (INF) treatment in chronic hepatitis C patients categorized by gender, age, and viral load.

Methods: In this study, 750 HCV positive patients with genotype 3 were selected, out of which 616 completed the entire treatment.

Evaluation of prognostic factors for Peg Interferon alfa-2b plus ribavirin treatment on HCV infected patients in Pakistan.

The effective standard therapeutic regimen for patients with chronic hepatitis C is pegylated interferon plus ribavirin. The efficacy of treatment in chronic hepatitis C is defined as absence of detectable virus at six months after treatment. Analysis of patient dependent and virus related factors that enable us to predict the response to antiviral treatment is very important.