Diagnosis, causes, and treatment of dyspareunia in postmenopausal women.

Importance And Objectives: Evaluation and treatment of dyspareunia remains a significant unmet need despite the availability of safe and effective treatments. The objectives of this review are to consider evaluation techniques, the medical causes, and treatment options for dyspareunia in postmenopausal women.

Methods: This narrative review used PubMed to search for English-language articles related to postmenopausal dyspareunia.

Vulvar and vaginal fractional CO2 laser treatments for genitourinary syndrome of menopause.

Many healthcare providers are offering women treatment with the fractionated CO2 laser for a myriad of gynecologic issues, including genitourinary syndrome of menopause (GSM). Because existing data are limited, providing guidance is challenging. This Practice Pearl addresses what we know and don't know about the use of the fractionated CO2 laser for the treatment of GSM.