Neurosurgery in Pakistan: Past, Present, and Future.

Background And Objectives: Since its independence from India in 1947, Pakistan has struggled with economic crises such as global debt, corruption, constant regime change, and a decades-long war against terrorism. The resulting socioeconomic barriers have stymied efforts to develop a comprehensive and equitably accessible healthcare system, especially regarding safe, timely, and affordable surgical care. This article evaluates neurosurgery's development, current state, and prospects in Pakistan, a lower-middle-income country.

Private healthcare initiatives in developing countries - Building sustainable neurosurgery in Indonesia and Pakistan.

Introduction: Severe global shortages in neurosurgery, surgery, and healthcare in general have been documented, especially in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs).

Research Question: In LMICs, how do we expand both neurosurgery and overall healthcare?

Material And Methods: Two different approaches to improving neurosurgery are presented. Author EW convinced a private hospital chain that neurosurgical resources were important throughout Indonesia.