The study examined ion and fluoride levels in groundwater in the southern Hebei Plain from 2018 to 2020, using 336 samples from 112 locations to assess health risks.
The groundwater types were primarily classified as HCO-Ca, Cl-Na, and SO-Ca, with significant variations in water quality; 60.41% of the samples were suitable for drinking, while 39.59% required treatment.
Fluoride concentrations varied widely, with 44% of samples below the safe limit (0.5 mg/L) and 8% exceeding the maximum limit (1.5 mg/L), posing risks of dental issues and fluorosis, particularly impacting children more than adults.