Racial and ethnic disparities in the perceived neighborhood walking environment and self-reported sleep health: A nationally representative sample of the United States.

Objectives: To identify associations between perceived neighborhood walkability and sleep across racial and ethnic groups of US adults.

Methods: Data from the 2020 National Health Interview Survey (N=27,521) were used to assess self-reported measures of walkability (pedestrian access, accessible amenities, unsafe walking conditions) and sleep (short and long duration; frequency of waking up unrested, trouble falling and staying asleep, sleep medication use). Stratified by racial and ethnic group, we calculated the age-adjusted prevalence of neighborhood walkability features and sleep measures and estimated prevalence ratios assessing associations between neighborhood walkability and sleep while adjusting for sociodemographic and health covariates.

Neurodevelopmental and psychiatric conditions in 600 Swedish children with the avoidant/restrictive food intake disorder phenotype.

Background: Avoidant restrictive food intake disorder (ARFID) is a feeding and eating disorder characterized by extremely restricted dietary variety and/or quantity resulting in serious consequences for physical health and psychosocial functioning. ARFID often co-occurs with neurodevelopmental conditions (NDCs) and psychiatric conditions, but previous data are mostly limited to small clinical samples examining a narrow range of conditions. Here, we examined NDCs and psychiatric conditions in a large, population-based group of children with ARFID.

Association Between Cigarette Smoking and Subclinical Markers of Cardiovascular Harm.

Background: Cigarette smoking is a strong risk factor for cardiovascular harm.

Objectives: The study sought to explore the detailed relationships between smoking intensity, pack-years, and time since cessation with inflammation, thrombosis, and subclinical atherosclerosis markers of cardiovascular harm.

Methods: We included 182,364 participants (mean age 58.

Development of handedness and other lateralized functions during infancy and early childhood.

Using a historical or "development from" approach to study the development of hand-use preferences in infants and children, we show how various sensorimotor experiential events shape the cascade from initial to subsequent hand-use preferences. That cascade represents, creates, and shapes the lateralized asymmetry of neural circuits in the cerebral hemispheres. The control of the preferred hand requires neural circuits in the contralateral hemisphere that are capable of processing the organization of finely timed, sequentially organized movements and detecting haptic information derived from high-frequency transitions in the stimulus.

Evaluation of the Patient-Specific Functional Scale for monitoring paediatric injury patients at a zonal referral hospital in Northern Tanzania.

Background: Injuries are a major cause of morbidity and mortality among paediatric populations in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). The Patient-Specific Functional Scale (PSFS) is a commonly used tool to assess functional recovery. This study aims to evaluate the psychometric properties of the PSFS for monitoring paediatric injury patients at a zonal referral hospital in Northern Tanzania.

Climate Change and Allergens: Current and Future Impacts.

Climate change will continue to impact allergic diseases in direct and indirect ways. Rising global temperatures are contributing to increased duration of pollen seasons, altered aeroallergen production and potency of allergens, and changes in the geographic distribution of allergenic plants that drive increased human exposure to aeroallergens and increased allergic disease morbidity. Climate change is inextricably linked with air pollution, the latter of which was shown to act as an adjuvant for allergic inflammatory processes promoting allergic sensitization.

Hyperhelianthemones A-D: Polycyclic polyprenylated benzoylphloroglucinols from Hypericum helianthemoides.

Phytochemical investigation of the n-hexane-soluble fraction of the aqueous ethanol extract of the aerial parts of Hypericum helianthemoides (Spach) Boiss. (Hypericaceae), furnished four undescribed polycylic polyprenylated benzoylphloroglucinols (PPBPs) 1-4, together with phytyl formate (5) and thirteen previously reported prenylated phloroglucinol derivatives, including yezo'otogirin C (6), hyperibrins A (7) and F (8), hyperibones G (9), J (10), La (11a)/Lb (11b), 7-epi-clusianone a (12a)/7-epi-clusianone b (12b), and hypermongones A (13), C (14), E (15), G (16), H (17), and sampsonione L (18). The structures of 1-4 were established by extensive 1D and 2D NMR spectral analysis as well as HREI-MS.

Evidence and Recommendation for Infantile Krabbe Disease Newborn Screening.

Krabbe disease (KD), which affects 0.3-2.6 per 100 000 live births, is an autosomal recessive lysosomal disorder caused by variants in the GALC gene that reduce galactosylceramidase (GALC) activity, leading to psychosine accumulation, cerebral white matter degeneration, and peripheral neuropathy.

The NERVE-ML (Neural Engineering Reproducibility and Validity Essentials for Machine Learning) Checklist: Ensuring Machine Learning Advances Neural Engineering.

Machine learning's ability to capture intricate patterns makes it vital in neural engineering research. With its increasing use, ensuring the validity and reproducibility of machine learning methods is critical. Unfortunately, this has not always been the case in practice, as there have been recent retractions across various scientific fields due to the misuse of machine learning methods and validation procedures.

Incorporating Cooking Emissions To Better Simulate the Impact of Zero-Emission Vehicle Adoption on Ozone Pollution in Los Angeles.

Despite decades of emission control measures aimed at improving air quality, Los Angeles (LA) continues to experience severe ozone pollution during the summertime. We incorporate cooking volatile organic compound (VOC) emissions in a chemical transport model and evaluate it against observations in order to improve the model representation of the present-day ozone chemical regime in LA. Using this updated model, we investigate the impact of adopting zero-emission vehicles (ZEVs) on ozone pollution with increased confidence.

Epidemiology of Coronary Atherosclerosis Among People Living With HIV in Uganda : A Cross-Sectional Study.

Background: Data on the prevalence of coronary atherosclerotic disease (CAD) in the African region among people with and without HIV are lacking.

Objective: To estimate the prevalence of CAD in Uganda and determine whether well-controlled HIV infection is associated with increased presence or severity of CAD.

Design: Cross-sectional study.

Connecting Underrepresented Medical Students to Resources and Role Models in Orthopaedic Surgery: A Virtual Diversity, Equity, Inclusion, and Accessibility Summit.

Introduction: Limited access to resources and stereotypes about orthopaedic surgeons may contribute to the low percentage of women and people of underrepresented in medicine (URiM) backgrounds in orthopaedic surgery. Several organizations have created resources to address these barriers, but medical students are unlikely to be exposed to the initiatives through traditional curricula. The purpose of this study was to (1) evaluate the ability of a 1-day virtual Diversity, Equity, Inclusion, and Accessibility (DEIA) summit to effectively reach URiM medical students, (2) increase medical students' knowledge of DEIA resources, and (3) augment the perception of diverse backgrounds in orthopaedic surgery.

Characterization of diverse Cas9 orthologs for genome and epigenome editing.

CRISPR-Cas9 systems have revolutionized biotechnology, creating diverse new opportunities for biomedical research and therapeutic genome and epigenome editing. Despite the abundance of bacterial CRISPR-Cas9 systems, relatively few are effective in human cells, limiting the overall potential of CRISPR technology. To expand the CRISPR-Cas toolbox, we characterized a set of type II CRISPR-Cas9 systems from select bacterial genera and species encoding diverse Cas9s.

Effect of Metformin Exposure in Gestational Diabetes Mellitus on Infant Mesenchymal Stem Cell Metabolism.

Offspring exposed to metformin treatment for gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) experience altered growth patterns that increase the risk for developing cardiometabolic diseases later in life. The adaptive cellular mechanisms underlying these patterns remain unclear. Therefore, the objective of this study was to determine if chronic metformin exposure associated with GDM treatment elicits infant cellular metabolic adaptations.

Diagnosis and Monitoring Pathways Using Non-Invasive Tests in Patients With Alpha-1 Antitrypsin Deficiency-Associated Liver Disease: Results From an Expert Delphi Panel.

Background And Aims: The severe alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency (AATD) genotype Pi*ZZ increases the risk of liver disease (AATD-LD) and lung disease. While non-invasive tests (NITs) are widely used for fibrosis stage and monitoring of all liver diseases, the consensus for use in AATD-LD is limited. A Delphi panel study was conducted to address this need.

Operationalizing Inclusion of Diverse Older Adults in Aging Services Information.

As the United States' population ages, it is also becoming more diverse. The country's Older Americans Act requires county-level offices on aging to be both service and information providers. But it is unclear to what extent offices on aging can identify gaps within the aging services information they provide and improve efforts to meet the information needs of diverse older adults.

Metal Organic Chemical Vapor Deposition of Hybrid Perovskites.

Semiconductor devices often rely on high-purity materials and interfaces achieved through vapor- and vacuum-based fabrication methods, which can enable precise compositional control down to single atomic layers. Compared to groups IV and III-V semiconductors, hybrid perovskites (HPs) are an emergent class of semiconductor materials with remarkable solution processability and compositional variability that have facilitated rapid experimentation to achieve new properties and progress toward efficient devices, particularly for solar cells. Surprisingly, vapor deposition techniques for HPs are substantially less developed, despite the complementary benefits that have secured vapor methods as workhorse tools for semiconductor fabrication.

Impacts of spring freeze events on a perennial tree fruit crop across the central and eastern USA.

This study uses a crop simulation model driven by 40 years (1981-2020) of daily gridded meteorological data from PRISM to assess the impacts of spring freeze events on cherry trees, a representative temperate perennial tree-fruit crop, across six regions of the central and eastern USA: the Northern and Southern Great Plains (NGP, SGP), Upper Midwest (UMW), Ohio Valley (OHV), New York-Pennsylvania (NY-PA), and Virginia-North Carolina (VA-NC). Freeze damage exhibits a clear latitudinal gradient, with damage frequency and severity decreasing from south to north. The most frequent and severe damage occurs in the SGP, followed by VA-NC, while the least is observed in the UMW and NY-PA.

Novel Controlled Metabolic Accelerator for Obesity-Related HFpEF: The HuMAIN-HFpEF Randomized Clinical Trial.

Importance: Excess body fat plays a pivotal role in the pathogenesis of heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF). HU6 is a novel, controlled metabolic accelerator that enhances mitochondrial uncoupling resulting in increased metabolism and fat-specific weight loss.

Objective: To assess efficacy and safety of HU6 in reducing body weight, improving peak volume of oxygen consumption (VO2) and body composition among patients with obesity-related HFpEF.

Polygenic Scores of Cardiometabolic Risk Factors in American Indian Adults.

Importance: Numerous efforts have been made to include diverse populations in genetic studies, but American Indian populations are still severely underrepresented. Polygenic scores derived from genetic data have been proposed in clinical care, but how polygenic scores perform in American Indian individuals and whether they can predict disease risk in this population remains unknown.

Objective: To study the performance of polygenic scores for cardiometabolic risk factors of lipid traits and C-reactive protein in American Indian adults and to determine whether such scores are helpful in clinical prediction for cardiometabolic diseases.

Short-Term Safety and Effectiveness for Tenecteplase and Alteplase in Acute Ischemic Stroke.

Importance: Tenecteplase is an alternative to alteplase for emergency treatment of acute ischemic stroke. However, limited data are available comparing their clinical effectiveness in routine clinical practice.

Objective: To compare short-term effectiveness and safety outcomes for patients with ischemic stroke treated with intravenous tenecteplase vs alteplase.

Frailty Trajectories Following Adjuvant Chemotherapy and Mortality in Older Women With Breast Cancer.

Importance: Frailty assessed at a single time point is associated with mortality in older women with breast cancer. Little is known about how changes in frailty following cancer treatment initiation affect mortality.

Objective: To evaluate the association between claims-based frailty trajectories following adjuvant chemotherapy initiation and 5-year mortality in older women with stage I to III breast cancer.

Estimation and Hypothesis Testing of Strain-Specific Vaccine Efficacy With Missing Strain Types With Application to a COVID-19 Vaccine Trial.

Based on data from a randomized, controlled vaccine efficacy trial, this article develops statistical methods for assessing vaccine efficacy (VE) to prevent COVID-19 infections by a discrete set of genetic strains of SARS-CoV-2. Strain-specific VE adjusting for possibly time-varying covariates is estimated using augmented inverse probability weighting to address missing viral genotypes under a competing risks model that allows separate baseline hazards for different risk groups. Hypothesis tests are developed to assess whether the vaccine provides at least a specified level of VE against some viral genotypes and whether VE varies across genotypes.