Behavioral and postural analyses establish sleep-like states for mosquitoes that can impact host landing and blood feeding.

Sleep is an evolutionarily conserved process that has been described in different animal systems. For insects, sleep characterization has been primarily achieved using behavioral and electrophysiological correlates in a few systems. Sleep in mosquitoes, which are important vectors of disease-causing pathogens, has not been directly examined.

Sleep disorders and attention: a systematic review.

Background: Sleep is a special physiological state that occurs cyclically. The probable role of sleep in our organic functions remains to be explored to clarify the impact of sleep on brain functions. Sleep deprivation is known to affect all parts of the brain separately and independently, but further research is needed on the impact of sleep disorders on attention, particularly the specific types of attention that are most affected, and whether there is such a correlation.

The EEG correlates and dangerous behavioral consequences of drowsy driving after a single night of mild sleep deprivation.

Objective: Here, we investigated the behavioral, cognitive, and electrophysiological impact of mild, acute sleep loss via simultaneously recorded behavioral and electrophysiological measures of vigilance during a "real-world", simulated driving task.

Methods: Participants (N = 34) visited the lab for two testing days where their brain activity and vigilance were simultaneously recorded during a driving simulator task. The driving task lasted approximately 70 mins and consisted of tailgating the lead car at high speed, which braked randomly, requiring participants to react quickly to avoid crashing.

Circadian Rhythms and Sleep Are Dependent Upon Expression Levels of Key Ubiquitin Ligase .

Normal neurodevelopment requires precise expression of the key ubiquitin ligase gene . Comparing newly generated mouse models for downregulation (models of Angelman syndrome) vs. upregulation (models for autism), we find reciprocal effects of gene dosage on phenotypes associated with circadian rhythmicity, including the amount of locomotor activity.

Altered vigilant maintenance and reorganization of rich-clubs in functional brain networks after total sleep deprivation.

Background: Sleep deprivation strongly deteriorates the stability of vigilant maintenance. In previous neuroimaging studies of large-scale networks, neural variations in the resting state after sleep deprivation have been well documented, highlighting that large-scale networks implement efficient cognitive functions and attention regulation in a spatially hierarchical organization. However, alterations of neural networks during cognitive tasks have rarely been investigated.

Role of IGF-1 in neuroinflammation and cognition deficits induced by sleep deprivation.

Sleep deprivation negatively influences cognition, however, the regulatory mechanisms to counteract this effect have not been identified. IGF-1 has been shown to be anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective in CNS injury models. In this study, we determined the impact of IGF-1 on brain injury and inflammation while modeling sleep deprivation.

Chronic Jetlag Alters the Landscape of the Pancreatic Lipidome.

Objectives: The innate biologic clock plays a significant role in lipid metabolism, including the peripheral clock in the pancreas. However, an evaluation of the downstream lipids in the pancreatic lipidome is lacking. We sought to understand the diurnal variations of lipids within the pancreatic lipidome.

Effects of Chronic Intermittent Hypoxia and Chronic Sleep Fragmentation on Gut Microbiome, Serum Metabolome, Liver and Adipose Tissue Morphology.

Chronic intermittent hypoxia (CIH) and chronic sleep fragmentation (CSF) are two cardinal pathological features of obstructive sleep apnea (OSA). Dietary obesity is a crucial risk intermediator for OSA and metabolic disorders. Gut microbiota affect hepatic and adipose tissue morphology under conditions of CIH or CSF through downstream metabolites.

Intermittent hypoxia and sleep disruption in obstructive sleep apnea increase serum tau and amyloid-beta levels.

Obstructive sleep apnea is characterized by intermittent hypoxia and sleep disruption, leading to accelerated neurodegenerative changes and cognitive decline. Serum amyloid-beta and tau proteins, which are markers for Alzheimer's disease, have been reported to increase in patients with obstructive sleep apnea. This study compared the serum levels of amyloid-beta proteins and tau proteins in 46 cognitively normal obstructive sleep apnea patients and 30 healthy controls.

The interplay between sleep and gut microbiota.

Sleep is a universal physiological need in all species and is essential for the maintenance and recovery of various physiological functions of the body. In late years, the gut microbiota (GM), a vast and extraordinarily complex ecosystem located in human gastrointestinal tract that oversees an array of critical bodily functions, has become a popular focus among researchers. Accumulated evidences in this field have revealed that it exerts important roles in the regulation of some biological characteristics, especially metabolic, immunological and neurobehavioral functions.

Adolescent enriched environment exposure alleviates cognitive impairments in sleep-deprived male rats: Role of hippocampal brain-derived neurotrophic factor.

Developmental life experience has long-lasting influences on the brain and behavior. The present study aims to examine the long-term effects of the enriched environment (EE), which was imposed during the adolescence period of life, on their passive avoidance and recognition memories as well as anxiety-like behaviors and hippocampal brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) levels, in sleep-deprived male rats. In the present study, the male pups were separated from their mothers in postnatal day 21 (PND21) and were housed in the standard or EE for 40 days.

The sleep-wake distribution contributes to the peripheral rhythms in PERIOD-2.

In the mouse, () expression in tissues peripheral to the suprachiasmatic nuclei (SCN) increases during sleep deprivation and at times of the day when animals are predominantly awake spontaneously, suggesting that the circadian sleep-wake distribution directly contributes to the daily rhythms in . We found support for this hypothesis by recording sleep-wake state alongside PER2 bioluminescence in freely behaving mice, demonstrating that PER2 bioluminescence increases during spontaneous waking and decreases during sleep. The temporary reinstatement of PER2-bioluminescence rhythmicity in behaviorally arrhythmic SCN-lesioned mice submitted to daily recurring sleep deprivations substantiates our hypothesis.

Evaluating the effect of selenium on spatial memory impairment induced by sleep deprivation.

Sleep deprivation (SD) impairs memory due to disturbing oxidative stress parameters. Selenium is a main component of several antioxidant enzymes and provides a neuroprotective effect. The present study aimed to investigate the potential neuroprotective effect of chronic selenium administration on cognitive impairments induced by chronic SD.

Night Shift and Decreased Brain Activity of ICU Nurses: A Near-Infrared Spectroscopy Study.

Background: Shift working is associated with a profound desynchronization of circadian rhythm and in particular, night-shift work disrupts normal circadian physiology. Sleep deprivation affects the functioning of certain brain areas and thus impairs cognitive performance. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of the night shift on cognitive performance and cerebral oxygenation/haemodynamics.

Towards Understanding the Direct and Indirect Actions of Growth Hormone in Controlling Hepatocyte Carbohydrate and Lipid Metabolism.

Growth hormone (GH) is critical for achieving normal structural growth. In addition, GH plays an important role in regulating metabolic function. GH acts through its GH receptor (GHR) to modulate the production and function of insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF1) and insulin.

Effects of sleep habits on acute myocardial infarction risk and severity of coronary artery disease in Chinese population.

Background: Growing evidence indicates that poor sleep harms health. Early to bed and early to rise is considered as a healthy lifestyle in Chinese population. The current study aimed to examine the effects of sleep habits on acute myocardial infarction (AMI) risk and severity of coronary artery disease (CAD) in Chinese population from two centers.

Enhancing sleep after training improves memory in down syndrome model mice.

Down syndrome (DS) is a genetic disorder caused by the presence of all or part of the third copy of chromosome 21. DS is associated with cognitive disabilities, for which there are no drug therapies. In spite of significant behavioral and pharmacological efforts to treat cognitive disabilities, new and continued efforts are still necessary.

The Effect of Experimental Recuperative and Appetitive Post-lunch Nap Opportunities, With or Without Caffeine, on Mood and Reaction Time in Highly Trained Athletes.

To investigate the effects of placebo (PLA), 20 min nap opportunity (N20), 5mg·kg of caffeine (CAF), and their combination (CAF+N20) on sleepiness, mood and reaction-time after partial sleep deprivation (PSD; 04h30 of time in bed; ) or after normal sleep night (NSN; 08h30 of time in bed; ). Twenty-three highly trained athletes ( ; 9 and ; 14) performed four test sessions (PLA, CAF, N20 and CAF+N20) in double-blind, counterbalanced and randomized order. Simple (SRT) and two-choice (2CRT) reaction time, subjective sleepiness (ESS) and mood state (POMS) were assessed twice, pre- and post-intervention.

Korean Red Ginseng Ameliorates Fatigue via Modulation of 5-HT and Corticosterone in a Sleep-Deprived Mouse Model.

Central fatigue, which is neuromuscular dysfunction associated with neurochemical alterations, is an important clinical issue related to pathologic fatigue. This study aimed to investigate the anti-central fatigue effect of Korean red ginseng (KRG) and its underlying mechanism. Male BALB/c mice (8 weeks old) were subjected to periodic sleep deprivation (SD) for 6 cycles (forced wakefulness for 2 days + 1 normal day per cycle).

Heterogenous electrophysiological responses of functionally distinct striatal subregions to circadian and sleep-related homeostatic processes.

Basal ganglia (BG) are a set of subcortical nuclei that are involved in the control of a wide variety of motor, cognitive, and affective behaviors. Although many behavioral abnormalities associated with BG dysfunction overlap with the clinical picture precipitated by the lack of sleep, the impact of sleep alterations on neuronal activity in BG is unknown. Using wild-type C57BI mice, we investigated the circadian and sleep-related homeostatic modulation of neuronal activity in the three functional subdivisions of the striatum (i.

Restoring the Molecular Clockwork within the Suprachiasmatic Hypothalamus of an Otherwise Clockless Mouse Enables Circadian Phasing and Stabilization of Sleep-Wake Cycles and Reverses Memory Deficits.

The timing and quality of sleep-wake cycles are regulated by interacting circadian and homeostatic mechanisms. Although the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) is the principal clock, circadian clocks are active across the brain and the respective sleep-regulatory roles of SCN and local clocks are unclear. To determine the specific contribution(s) of the SCN, we used virally mediated genetic complementation, expressing Cryptochrome1 (Cry1) to establish circadian molecular competence in the suprachiasmatic hypothalamus of globally clockless, arrhythmic male -null mice.

Sleep in Normal Aging, Homeostatic and Circadian Regulation and Vulnerability to Sleep Deprivation.

In the context of geriatric research, a growing body of evidence links normal age-related changes in sleep with many adverse health outcomes, especially a decline in cognition in older adults. The most important sleep alterations that continue to worsen after 60 years involve sleep timing, (especially early wake time, phase advance), sleep maintenance (continuity of sleep interrupted by numerous awakenings) and reduced amount of sigma activity (during non-rapid eye movement (NREM) sleep) associated with modifications of sleep spindle characteristics (density, amplitude, frequency) and spindle-Slow Wave coupling. After 60 years, there is a very clear gender-dependent deterioration in sleep.

Chronic social isolation signals starvation and reduces sleep in Drosophila.

Social isolation and loneliness have potent effects on public health. Research in social psychology suggests that compromised sleep quality is a key factor that links persistent loneliness to adverse health conditions. Although experimental manipulations have been widely applied to studying the control of sleep and wakefulness in animal models, how normal sleep is perturbed by social isolation is unknown.