Beyond the brain: Reelin's emerging role in cancer pathways.

The glycoprotein Reelin is essential for neuronal migration during embryonic development and is involved in various cellular processes. It interacts with specific lipoprotein receptors to regulate neuronal migration and synaptic plasticity. Recent research has expanded our understanding of Reelin's functions, revealing its involvement in processes such as cell proliferation, activation, migration, platelet aggregation, and vascular development.

The role of TLRs (microbe recognition receptor) in gastric cancer: An update.

Gastric cancer (GC) is the result of a convoluted series of incidents that include host genetic susceptibility, Helicobacter pylori infection, and other external influences. The emergence of many hereditary and chromatin modifications in carcinogenic and tumor-inhibiting genes results in the disruption of several molecular networks, upsetting the balance between cell proliferation and apoptosis as well as the cell cycle. Important roles are played by members of the Toll-like receptor (TLR) family in both native and adaptive immunological reactions.

Crosstalk between microRNA and inflammation; critical regulator of diabetes.

A growing body of evidence indicates that microRNAs (miRNAs may be used as biomarkers for the diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment of diabetes, given their changed expression profile as the disease progresses. There is growing interest in using individual miRNAs or whole miRNA clusters linked to diabetes as therapeutic targets because of their abnormal expression and functioning. In diabetes, miRNAs are also involved in inflammatory and immunological responses.

Insights Into the Therapeutic Potential of SIRT1-modifying Compounds for Alzheimer's Disease: A Focus on Molecular Mechanisms.

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder characterized by cognitive decline and memory loss, significantly impacting patients' quality of life. Recent studies have highlighted the roles of sirtuin 1 (SIRT1), a NAD + -dependent deacetylase, in regulating various biological pathways associated with AD pathology, including amyloid-beta metabolism, tau hyperphosphorylation, and neuroinflammation. This review focuses on the therapeutic potential of synthetic and natural compounds that modulate SIRT1 levels, emphasizing their molecular mechanisms of action.

Glucose metabolism is controlled by non-coding RNAs in autoimmune diseases; a glimpse into immune system dysregulation.

The immune system accidentally targets the body's tissues, causing inflammation and tissue damage, the root causes of autoimmune illnesses. In recent studies, non-coding RNAs have been shown to significantly control gene expression and metabolic pathways linked to autoimmune diseases. This review investigates the effects of non-coding RNA on glucose metabolism, a route frequently dysregulated in autoimmune illnesses such as multiple sclerosis, rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, and diabetes.

Gadolinium (Gd)-based nanostructures as dual-armoured materials for microbial therapy and cancer theranostics.

Gadolinium (Gd) nanoparticles hold significant promise in medical theranostics due to their unique properties. This review outlines the synthesis, characterisation, and applications of Gd nanostructures in combating microbial threats and advancing cancer theragnostic strategies. Synthesis methods such as co-precipitation, microemulsion, and laser ablation are discussed, alongside TEM, SEM, and magnetic characterisation.

Decoding immune tolerance in infertility: Exploring immune pathways and non-coding RNAs as pioneering biomarkers and therapeutic targets.

Infertility, impacting a significant number of couples, is characterized by the failure to conceive after one year of consistent, unprotected sexual intercourse. It is multifactorial, with etiological contributors including ovulatory dysfunction, male reproductive anomalies, and tubal patency issues. Approximately 15% of infertility cases are classified as "unexplained," highlighting the complexity of this condition.

Rheumatoid arthritis unmasked: the power of B cell depletion therapy.

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is an enduring autoimmune illness characterized by persistent inflammation and joint damage. Recent advancements in B cell depletion therapies (BCDTs) have provided new avenues for managing RA. This review article delves into the pathophysiology of RA, highlighting the pivotal role of B cells in disease progression.

Enhancer zeste homolog 2 (EZH2) targeting by small interfering RNA (siRNA); recent advances and prospect.

Enhancer of zeste homolog 2 (EZH2) serves as the enzymatic catalytic subunit of the polycomb repressive complex 2 (PRC2), which is capable of modifying the expression of downstream target genes through the trimethylation of Lys-27 on histone 3 (H3K27me3). In addition to its role in H3K27me3 modification, EZH2 may influence gene expression through alternative mechanisms. The involvement of EZH2 in cellular processes such as proliferation, apoptosis, and senescence has been established.

Mechanisms behind the LncRNAs-mediated regulation of paclitaxel (PTX) resistance in human malignancies.

Paclitaxel (PTX) is extensively used to treat various cancers, including those of the breast, ovary, lung, esophagus, stomach, pancreas, and neck. However, despite its effectiveness in clinical settings, patients often experience cancer recurrence due to the emergence of resistance to PTX. The mechanisms underlying this resistance in cancer cells exposed to PTX involve modifications in β-tubulin, the primary target molecule associated with mitosis, the activation of pathways that facilitate drug efflux, and the dysregulation of apoptosis-related proteins.

The Role of ΔFosB in the Pathogenesis of Levodopa-Induced Dyskinesia: Mechanisms and Therapeutic Strategies.

Levodopa-induced dyskinesia (LID) represents a significant complication associated with the long-term administration of levodopa (L-DOPA) for the treatment of Parkinson's disease (PD). This review examines the critical role of ΔFosB, a transcription factor, in the pathogenesis of LID and explores potential therapeutic interventions. ΔFosB accumulates within the striatum in response to chronic dopaminergic stimulation, thereby driving maladaptive changes that culminate in dyskinesia.

Delving Into lncRNA-Mediated Regulation of Autophagy-Associated Signaling Pathways in the Context of Breast Cancer.

Breast cancer is a multifaceted and prevalent malignancy, impacting a considerable proportion of women globally. Numerous signaling pathways intricately regulate cellular functions such as growth, proliferation, and survival. Among the various regulators, lncRNAs have emerged as significant players despite their inability to encode proteins.

BIBR1591 INDUCES APOPTOSIS IN BREAST CANCER CELL LINE AND INCREASES EXPRESSION OF DAPK1, AND NR4A3.

Background: Breast cancer, the world's most prevalent cancerous disease that threatens women, is mainly dependent upon ovarian endocrine secretion for its growth and development. Telomerase inhibitors have been widely studied for their use to treat various tumors. BIBR1591 is the first highly effective small molecule telomerase inhibitor that could inhibit telomerase of many types of cancer cells at sub micromolar concentration Aim: Our research aimed to study the molecular mechanism and action of BIBR1591, trying to understand the telomerase inhibitor in breast cancer, focusing on its ability to induce apoptosis and alter the expression of specific genes.

International diet quality index and revised diet quality index relationship with type 2 diabetes disease: a case-control study.

Background: Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a global health crisis linked to increased cardiovascular risk. Research indicates that better dietary quality-higher intake of fruits, vegetables, and whole grains, and lower intake of processed foods-reduces T2DM risk. This study examines the relationship between T2DM and dietary quality indices (DQI-I and DQI-R) to determine if adherence can lower diabetes risk.

Histone Deacetylation in Alzheimer's Diseases (AD); Hope or Hype.

Histone acetylation is the process by which histone acetyltransferases (HATs) add an acetyl group to the N-terminal lysine residues of histones, resulting in a more open chromatin structure. Histone acetylation tends to increase gene expression more than methylation does. In the central nervous system (CNS), histone acetylation is essential for controlling the expression of genes linked to cognition and learning.

Cancer-associated fibroblast-derived exosomes in cancer progression: A focus on hepatocellular carcinoma.

The tumor microenvironment (TME) has drawn much interest recently in the search for innovative cancer therapeutics, especially in light of the growing body of evidence supporting the efficacy of immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs). The TME comprises various cell types within the extracellular matrix (ECM), such as immune cells, endothelial cells, and cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs). Throughout the malignancy, these cells interact with cancerous cells and with one another.

Deciphering the Anti-Diabetic Potential of Gymnema Sylvestre Using Integrated Computer-Aided Drug Design and Network Pharmacology.

This study explores novel therapeutic avenues for diabetes, a global health concern marked by elevated blood glucose levels. We investigated the anti-diabetic potential of Gymnema Sylvestre's bioactive compounds, including Gymnemic acid I, Stigmasterol, Deacylgymnemic acid, Beta-Amyrin acetate, Longispinogenin, Gymnemic acid II, Gymnemic acid, Gymnemic acid X, Gymnemaside VI, Phytic acid and Gymnemic acid X. Employing network pharmacology, molecular docking and molecular dynamics (MD), we elucidated the potential mechanism of action.

Interactions between lncRNAs and cyclins/CDKs complexes; key players in determining cancer cell response to CDKs inhibitors.

Transcription takes place over a significant portion of the human genome. However, only a small portion of the transcriptome, roughly 1.2 %, consists of RNAs translated into proteins; the majority of transcripts, on the other hand, comprise a variety of RNA families with varying sizes and functions.

Kaempferol: Unveiling its anti-inflammatory properties for therapeutic innovation.

Inflammation, driven by various stimuli such as pathogens, cellular damage, or vascular injury, plays a central role in numerous acute and chronic conditions. Current treatments are being re-evaluated, prompting interest in naturally occurring compounds like kaempferol, a flavonoid prevalent in fruits and vegetables, for their anti-inflammatory properties. This study explores the therapeutic potential of kaempferol, focusing on its ability to modulate pro-inflammatory cytokines and its broader effects on inflammatory signaling pathways.

A cutting-edge investigation of the multifaceted role of SOX family genes in cancer pathogenesis through the modulation of various signaling pathways.

This detailed study examines the complex role of the SOX family in various tumorigenic contexts, offering insights into how these transcription factors function in cancer. As the study progresses, it explores the specific contributions of each SOX family member. The significant roles of the SOX family in the oncogenic environment are well-recognized, highlighting a range of regulatory mechanisms that influence tumor progression.

Exploring the role of exosomal lncRNA in cancer immunopathogenesis: Unraveling the immune response and EMT pathways.

Exosomes are membrane-bound vesicles secreted by diverse cell types, serving as crucial mediators in intercellular communication and significantly influencing cancer development. Exosomes facilitate complex signaling processes in the tumor microenvironment for immunomodulation, metastasis, angiogenesis, and treatment resistance. Notably, long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs), a class of non-coding RNAs, engage with mRNA, DNA, proteins, and miRNAs to modulate gene expression through multiple mechanisms, including transcriptional, post-transcriptional, translational, and epigenetic pathways.

Pathological roles of lncRNA HOTAIR in liver cancer: An updated review.

Liver cancer ranks as the sixth most prevalent form of cancer and stands as the fourth leading cause of cancer-related fatalities on a global scale. The two primary types of liver cancer are hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma (ICC). While ICC originates from the bile ducts, HCC develops from hepatocytes, which are the primary functional cells of the liver.