Genotyping and drug susceptibility profiling of Prototheca sp. strains isolated from cases of protothecosis in dogs.

Background: Protothecosis in dogs is a rare, yet emerging disease, distinguished by its often-aggressive clinical course and high fatality rate. Our study was conducted to enhance treatment protocols for affected dogs by better understanding the genetic diversity and drug resistance patterns of Prototheca species.

Objectives: To identify species and drug susceptibility profiles of an international collection of 28 Prototheca strains isolated from cases of protothecosis in dogs.

Protothecosis in Dogs and Cats-New Research Directions.

Protothecosis refers to disease of humans and animals caused by infection with fungus-like, colourless microalgae of the genus Prototheca. Although protothecosis remains an uncommon infection, increasing numbers of human and animal cases are being diagnosed worldwide. This review summarises major new findings in basic science (sequencing analyses of sterol 14α-demethylase (CYP51/ERG11) genes and organelle genomes of Prototheca wickerhamii) to elucidate taxonomic features of this pathogen.

Is bovine protothecal mastitis related to persistent infection in intestine?

Prototheca zopfii is associated with bovine mastitis, which causes a reduction in milk production and secretion of thin, watery milk with white flakes. However, the source of infection and an infection route of mastitis have not been clarified. In this study, we evaluated the prevalence of P.

Identification of novel polymorphisms and two distinct haplotype structures in dog leukocyte antigen class I genes: DLA-88, DLA-12 and DLA-64.

The current information on the polymorphism variation and haplotype structure of the domestic dog leukocyte antigen (DLA) genes is limited in comparison to other experimental animals. In this paper, to better elucidate the degree and types of polymorphisms and genetic differences for DLA-88, DLA-12 and DLA-64, we genotyped four families of 38 beagles and another 404 unrelated dogs representing 49 breeds by RT-PCR based Sanger sequencing. We also sequenced and analyzed the genomic organization of the DLA-88 and DLA-12 gene segments to better define these two-gene DLA haplotypes more precisely.

Origin and distribution of Sporothrix globosa causing sapronoses in Asia.

Purpose: The aim of the study was to evaluate the main sources and epidemiological patterns and speculate on the evolutionary origin of Sporothrix globosa in Asia.

Methodology: Case and case series literature on sporotrichosis in Asia from January 2007 onwards were reviewed using meta-analysis. Phylogenetic analysis of relevant S.

Ungual hyalohyphomycosis caused by Fusarium proliferatum in an immunocompetent patient.

The patient was a 73-year-old healthy female farmer who had been treated with terbinafine for 25.5 months by a primary physician. She exhibited a discoloration and thickening of the right big toenail.

Short communication: ELISA system for screening of bovine mastitis caused by Prototheca zopfii.

Prototheca zopfii is an achlorophyllic alga that causes bovine mastitis, resulting in a reduction in milk production and the secretion of thin, watery milk with white flakes. This study evaluated the use of an ELISA system for distinguishing cows with mastitis due to P. zopfii genotype 2 from healthy cows and cows with chronic candidal mastitis.

Mating Type Gene (MAT) and Itraconazole Susceptibility of Trichophyton tonsurans Strains Isolated in Japan.

Infection by Trichophyton tonsurans is an emerging fungal epidemic in Japan. Itraconazole (ITZ) and terbinafine have been used for the treatment of this infection for 15 years. However, patients with T.

[ISHAM-WG Symposium: Introduction of Medical Phycology, Retrospective Overview, and Prospective Aspect].

Protothecosis is an emerging infectious zoonotic disease caused by species of the genus Prototheca (Trebouxiophyceae, Chlorophyta), which are classified as achlorophyllous algae closely related to the green algal genus Chlorella. Prototheca lost the ability to photosynthesize and are widely distributed throughout the natural world in sewage, soil, lakes, and marshes. It is therefore necessary to build an interdisciplinary network connecting human medicine, veterinary medicine, microbiological taxonomy, clinical microbiology, and environmental microbiology to increase knowledge in this area.

Asexual propagation of a virulent clone complex in a human and feline outbreak of sporotrichosis.

Sporotrichosis is one of the most frequent subcutaneous fungal infections in humans and animals caused by members of the plant-associated, dimorphic genus Sporothrix. Three of the four medically important Sporothrix species found in Brazil have been considered asexual as no sexual stage has ever been reported in Sporothrix schenckii, Sporothrix brasiliensis, or Sporothrix globosa. We have identified the mating type (MAT) loci in the S.

The MAT1-1:MAT1-2 ratio of Sporothrix globosa isolates in Japan.

In order to understand the reproductive biology of pathogenic species in the Sporothrix schenckii complex, we characterized the partial mating type (MAT1-1) loci of Sporothrix schenckii, as well as the S. globosa MAT1-1-1 gene, which encoded 262 amino acid sequences. The data confirmed that the MAT1-1 locus of S.

[Historic topics on classification of Trichophyton mentagrophytes complex].

D. Gruby (1842-1844) detected the fungus in tinea as a causative agent and C.P.

Immunohistopathology of Prototheca wickerhamii in cutaneous lesions of protothecosis.

Protothecosis is a rare infection caused by pathogenic algae of the genus Prototheca. Prototheca wickerhamii causes cutaneous/subcutaneous opportunistic infections in humans and small animals. The diagnosis of protothecosis is based on histopathological examination of this organism, which can be confused with other fungi and inflammatory cells in infected tissues.

Mating type gene (MAT1-2) of Trichophyton verrucosum.

Trichophyton verrucosum is a zoophilic dermatophyte species that is the most frequent etiologic agent of bovine dermatophytosis throughout the world. Since no teleomorph of T. verrucosum has been found, polymerase chain reaction (PCR) analysis on the genome of T.

In vitro susceptibility of Malassezia pachydermatis isolates from canine skin with atopic dermatitis to ketoconazole and itraconazole in East Asia.

Topical or oral azole antifungals are commonly used in canine atopic dermatitis (AD), as the lipophilic yeast Malassezia pachydermatis exacerbates canine AD. To examine whether canine AD lesions harbor azole-resistant M. pachydermatis isolates in East Asia, we investigated the in vitro susceptibility of M.

[Rapid molecular typing of Prototheca zopfii by high resolution melting real-time PCR (PCR-HRM)].

Prototheca zopfii is an achlorophyllic alga that is ubiquitous around cow sheds. The alga is associated with bovine mastitis, which causes a reduction in milk production and secretion of thin watery milk containing white flakes. Isolates of P.

Environmental isolates of fungi from aquarium pools housing killer whales (Orcinus orca).

Systemic mycoses in killer whales (Orcinus orca) are rare diseases, but have been reported. Two killer whales died by fungal infections at the Port of Nagoya Public Aquarium in Japan. In this study, the fungal flora of the pool environment at the aquarium was characterized.

Sporothrix schenckii (sensu strict S. globosa) mating type 1-2 (MAT1-2) gene.

Sporotix schenckii is a pathogenic fungus that causes human and animal sporotrichosis, and based on morphology of the sessile conidia and molecular analysis, it was recently recognized as a species complex comprising at least the following six sibling species: S. albicans, S. brasiliensis, S.

Genotyping of Malassezia pachydermatis isolates from canine healthy skin and lesional skin of atopic dermatitis in Japan, Korea and Taiwan.

Isolates of the yeast Malassezia pachydermatis obtained from skin samples of healthy dogs and of dogs with atopic dermatitis in Japan, Taiwan and Korea were molecularly characterized using intergenic pacer 1 (IGS1) region analysis. The percentage of IGS1 subtype isolates detected in healthy skin was as follows: 1A (6%), 1B (27%), 1C (11%), 2A (6%), 2B (6%), 3A (11%), 3B (6%), 3C (3%) and 3D (24%). In contrast, the most prevalent isolates detected in skin lesions of atopic dermatitis were subtype 3D in Japan and Taiwan and subtype 3C in Korea.

Mating type gene (MAT1-1) in Japanese isolates of Trichophyton rubrum.

Trichophyton rubrum is an anthropophilic species that is the most frequent etiologic agent of human dermatophytosis throughout the world. No teleomorph has been identified for T. rubrum strains.

[Classification of dermatophytes by mating type (MAT) gene analysis].

Trichophyton mentagrophytes is epidemiologically divided into two distinct forms, zoophilic and anthropophilic. The zoophilic isolates of T.mentagrophytes have generally been identified by morphological and biochemical examination as well as through mating experiments.

Two cases of feline orbital aspergillosis due to Aspergillus udagawae and A. viridinutans.

Aspergillus udagawae and A. viridinutans are members of the section Fumigati; both cause invasive aspergillosis in humans. These two Aspergillus species are discriminated from A.

Short communication: Molecular typing of Prototheca zopfii from bovine mastitis in Japan.

Prototheca zopfii causes bovine mastitis, resulting in reduced milk production and the secretion of thin watery milk with white flakes. Prototheca zopfii has been biochemically and serologically divided into at least 2 genotypes, P. zopfii genotype 1 and P.