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Background: Although utilization review is widely used to control health care costs, its effect on patterns of health care is uncertain.

Methods: In 1989, New York City and its unions temporarily replaced actual utilization review with sham review for half the participants in the city's fee-for-service health insurance plan. We compared the health services provided to 3702 enrollees whose requests were subjected to utilization review (the review group) with the services provided to 3743 enrollees whose requests received sham review and were automatically approved for insurance coverage (the nonreview group).

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