Influenza Virus Surveillance from the 1918 Influenza Pandemic to the 2020 Coronavirus Pandemic in New York State, USA.

A historical perspective of more than one hundred years of influenza surveillance in New York State demonstrates the progression from anecdotes and case counts to next-generation sequencing and electronic database management, greatly improving pandemic preparedness and response. Here, we determined if influenza virologic surveillance at the New York State public health laboratory (NYS PHL) tests sufficient specimen numbers within preferred confidence limits to assess situational awareness and detect novel viruses that pose a pandemic risk. To this end, we analyzed retrospective electronic data on laboratory test results for the influenza seasons 1997-1998 to 2021-2022 according to sample sizes recommended in the Influenza Virologic Surveillance Right Size Roadmap issued by the Association of Public Health Laboratories and Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.

Special Issue: Challenges and Future Trends of COVID-19 Vaccination.

During the COVID-19 pandemic, over 13 [...

Seroprevalence of Antibodies to Filoviruses with Outbreak Potential in Sub-Saharan Africa: A Systematic Review to Inform Vaccine Development and Deployment.

: Orthoebolaviruses and orthomarburgviruses are filoviruses that can cause viral hemorrhagic fever and significant morbidity and mortality in humans. The evaluation and deployment of vaccines to prevent and control Ebola and Marburg outbreaks must be informed by an understanding of the transmission and natural history of the causative infections, but little is known about the burden of asymptomatic infection or undiagnosed disease. This systematic review of the published literature examined the seroprevalence of antibodies to orthoebolaviruses and orthomarburgviruses in sub-Saharan Africa.

Evaluation of Integrated Child Health Days as a Catch-Up Strategy for Immunization in Three Districts in Uganda.

Uganda's Integrated Child Health Day (ICHD) initiative aims to improve children's access to vaccinations. Although widely used as a catch-up vaccination strategy, the effectiveness of the ICHD program in increasing immunization coverage, especially among vulnerable populations, has not been recently evaluated. This study assessed the reach and uptake of ICHD for immunizations in Uganda.

Temporal Logical Attention Network for Log-Based Anomaly Detection in Distributed Systems.

Detecting anomalies in distributed systems through log analysis remains challenging due to the complex temporal dependencies between log events, the diverse manifestation of system states, and the intricate causal relationships across distributed components. This paper introduces a TLAN (Temporal Logical Attention Network), a novel deep learning framework that integrates temporal sequence modeling with logical dependency analysis for robust anomaly detection in distributed system logs. Our approach makes three key contributions: (1) a temporal logical attention mechanism that explicitly models both time-series patterns and logical dependencies between log events across distributed components, (2) a multi-scale feature extraction module that captures system behaviors at different temporal granularities while preserving causal relationships, and (3) an adaptive threshold strategy that dynamically adjusts detection sensitivity based on system load and component interactions.

Nanoscale Prussian Blue and Its Analogues: Design and Applications in Infection Control, Wound Healing and Beyond.

Prussian blue nanoparticles (PBNPs) have gained significant attraction in the field of nanomedicine due to their excellent biocompatibility, potential for nanoscale production, exceptional photothermal conversion ability, and multi-enzyme mimicking capabilities. PBNPs have made considerable advancements in their application to biomedical fields. This review embarks with a comprehensive understanding of the physicochemical properties and chemical profiling of PB-based nanoparticles, discussing systematic approaches to tune their dimensions, shapes, and sizes, as well as their biomedical properties.

Effects of Different Weak Small Organic Acids on Clofazimine Solubility in Aqueous Media.

Background/objectives: Clofazimine (CFZ) is a Biopharmaceutics Classification System (BCS) II drug introduced in the US market in 1986 for the treatment of leprosy. However, CFZ was later withdrawn from the market due to its extremely low aqueous solubility and low absorption. In the literature, the intrinsic solubility of CFZ has been estimated to be <0.

Using Catalytic Models to Interpret Age-Stratified Lyme Borreliosis Seroprevalence Data: Can This Approach Help Provide Insight into the Full Extent of Human Infection Occurring at the Population Level?

Diagnosis of Lyme borreliosis (LB) is prone to under ascertainment with the true extent of infection unknown. Cross sectional age-stratified population-based serological survey data may provide insight into this issue. Using data from a previously published Dutch seroprevalence study, we describe the application of catalytic models to make estimates of the annual extent of LB infection.

Low-Dose Oral Ginger Improves Daily Symptom Scores in Asthma.

A significant number of individuals with asthma have poorly controlled daily symptoms and utilize dietary supplements such as ginger in a quest for improved symptom control; however, its effectiveness at improving the control of symptoms is unproven. We questioned whether low-dose oral ginger would improve subjective and objective measurements of asthma control in mild-to-moderate asthmatics. We performed a randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blinded study of a low dose (1 g twice daily) of a dietary supplement of ginger in 32 mild-to-moderate uncontrolled asthmatics over a 2-month trial period while maintaining daily conventional asthma therapies.

From Emergence to Evolution: Dynamics of the SARS-CoV-2 Omicron Variant in Florida.

The continual evolution of SARS-CoV-2 has significantly influenced the global response to the COVID-19 pandemic, with the emergence of highly transmissible and immune-evasive variants posing persistent challenges. The Omicron variant, first identified in November 2021, rapidly replaced the Delta variant, becoming the predominant strain worldwide. In Florida, Omicron was first detected in December 2021, leading to an unprecedented surge in cases that surpassed all prior waves, despite extensive vaccination efforts.

Association of Molecular Detections of Microsporidia in Stool Samples with Clinical and Immunological Parameters in Ghanaian HIV Patients.

Although the etiological relevance of the detection of microsporidia in human stool samples remains uncertain, the immunological status of patients has been posited as an important determinant of potential clinical impact of these parasites. To further assess the interplay between the epidemiology of microsporidia and immunological markers, we conducted a study utilizing real-time PCR targeting , , , and , combined in a single fluorescence channel. The study involved a cohort of 595 clinically and immunologically well-characterized Ghanaian HIV patients, alongside 82 HIV-negative control individuals from Ghana.

Association Between Activated Loci of HML-2 Primate-Specific Endogenous Retrovirus and Newly Formed Chromatin Contacts in Human Primordial Germ Cell-like Cells.

The pluripotent stem cell (PSC)-derived human primordial germ cell-like cells (PGCLCs) are a cell culture-derived surrogate model of embryonic primordial germ cells. Upon differentiation of PSCs to PGCLCs, multiple loci of HML-2, the hominoid-specific human endogenous retrovirus (HERV), are strongly activated, which is necessary for PSC differentiation to PGCLCs. In PSCs, strongly activated loci of HERV-H family HERVs create chromatin contacts, which are required for the pluripotency.

Fine-Tuned Expression of Evolutionarily Conserved Signaling Molecules in the Notochord.

The notochord is an axial structure required for the development of all chordate embryos, from sea squirts to humans. Over the course of more than half a billion years of chordate evolution, in addition to its structural function, the notochord has acquired increasingly relevant patterning roles for its surrounding tissues. This process has involved the co-option of signaling pathways and the acquisition of novel molecular mechanisms responsible for the precise timing and modalities of their deployment.

Delayed Tooth Development and the Impaired Differentiation of Stem/Progenitor Cells in Incisors from Type 2 Diabetes Mice.

Patients with diabetes mellitus (DM) have an increased risk of tooth decay caused by alterations in their tooth development and their oral environment, as well as a tendency to present with pulp infection due to compromised immune response. The present study analyzed the characteristic alterations in tooth development under DM conditions using incisors from type 2 diabetic mouse model (T2DM mice). In micro-CT analyses, T2DM mice showed delayed dentin and enamel formation.

Experimental Myopia Results in Peripapillary Ganglion Cell and Astrocyte Reorganization with No Functional Implications During Early Development.

Myopic eye growth induces mechanical stretch, which can lead to structural and functional retinal alterations. Here, we investigated the effect of lens-induced myopic growth on the distribution of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs), glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) expression and intensity, and peripapillary retinal nerve fiber layer (ppRNFL) thickness in common marmosets () induced with myopia continuously for six months, using immunohistochemistry and spectral-domain optical coherence tomography. We also explored the relationship between cellular structural parameters and the photopic negative response (PhNR) using full-field electroretinography.

Interferon-α Inhibits NET Formation in Neutrophils Derived from Patients with Myeloproliferative Neoplasms in a Neutrophil Sub-Population-Specific Manner.

Neutrophils and neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) contribute to thrombosis and hyperinflammation in myeloproliferative neoplasms (MPN). High-density neutrophils (HDNs) and low-density neutrophils (LDNs) have recently been characterized as distinct neutrophil sub-populations with distinct morphological and functional properties. We aim to study the kinetics of NET formation and inhibition with interferon-α (IFNα) in neutrophils derived from patients with MPN as compared to matched healthy controls.

Precision Oncology Approach for Urachal Carcinoma: A Clinical Case Report.

Urachal cancer (UrC) is a rare disease which is mostly diagnosed late due to symptoms caused by its local invasion to the urinary bladder. Given the lack of clinical trials and guideline recommendations for systemic treatment, a molecularly informed precision oncology approach is a viable option for UrC already in the early lines of systemic treatment. While single case experiences may provide valuable reference for later decision-making, well-documented clinical experience with off-label targeted treatments is limited to a few patients.

Nrf2 Signaling in Renal Cell Carcinoma: A Potential Candidate for the Development of Novel Therapeutic Strategies.

Renal cell carcinoma (RCC) is the most common type of kidney cancer arising from renal tubular epithelial cells and is characterized by a high aggressive behavior and invasiveness that lead to poor prognosis and high mortality rate. Diagnosis of RCC is generally incidental and occurs when the stage is advanced and the disease is already metastatic. The management of RCC is further complicated by an intrinsic resistance of this malignancy to chemotherapy and radiotherapy, which aggravates the prognosis.

Real-World Clinical Utility of a Methylated DNA Biomarker Assay on Samples Collected with a Swallowable Capsule-Balloon for Detection of Barrett's Esophagus (BE).

Barrett's Esophagus (BE) is the only known precursor for esophageal adenocarcinoma (EAC). Patients with multiple risk factors for BE/EAC are recommended for screening; however, few eligible patients undergo evaluation by endoscopy. EsoGuard (EG) is a commercially available biomarker assay used to analyze esophageal cells collected non-endoscopically with EsoCheck (EC) for the qualitative detection of BE/EAC.

The Saphenous Vein Graft: Can a Frog Become a Princess?

The saphenous vein graft (SVG) has been a cornerstone of coronary bypass surgery, but its long-term patency is limited by accelerated atherosclerosis. Recent advancements, including the no-touch technique and the use of SVG as a limb of the left internal thoracic artery (LITA), have shown promise in improving outcomes. Both approaches enhance nitric oxide (NO) availability, a key factor in promoting endothelial stability and arterial-like behavior in the SVG.

Body Positions and Physical Activity Levels Modulate the Ratio of Abdominal to Thoracic Breathing and Respiratory Rate in Young Individuals.

: The COVID-19 pandemic highlighted that body positions substantially affected the mortality rate. We hypothesized that body position modulates the contribution of abdominal (AB) and thoracic breathing (TB) to the breathing cycle (BC), as well as respiratory rate (RR). In addition, we hypothesized that physical activity level can increase the contribution of abdominal breathing.

Real-World Efficacy and Safety of Atezolizumab for Advanced Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer in Japan: A Retrospective Multicenter Analysis.

Atezolizumab, an immune checkpoint inhibitor (ICI), was used in a phase III clinical trial, i.e., the OAK trial, of previously treated patients with non-small cell lung cancer.

A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of an Angiotensin Receptor-Neprilysin Inhibitor in Patients Using a Durable Left Ventricular Assist Device.

Sacubitril/valsartan is an angiotensin receptor-neprilysin inhibitor (ARNI) drug used to treat patients with heart failure and has shown improvement in outcomes. Different studies reported the use of an ARNI in patients using left ventricular assist devices (LVADs). However, there are limited data on the use of ARNIs in this population.

Role of Antiplatelets and Anticoagulation Therapies in Pregnancy.

Thrombosis is an important cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Pregnancy is a hypercoagulable state, and thrombotic complications in pregnancy are a major cause of maternal and fetal morbidity and mortality. Current guidelines support the selective use of aspirin, heparin, and warfarin in pregnant women.

Comparative Analysis of Outcomes in Adult Spinal Deformity Patients with Proximal Junctional Kyphosis or Failure Initially Fused to Upper Versus Lower Thoracic Spine.

Patients with proximal junctional kyphosis (PJK) or failure (PJF) may demonstrate disparate outcomes and recovery when fused to the upper (UT) versus lower (LT) thoracic spine. Few studies have distinguished the reoperation and recovery abilities of patients with PJK or PJF when fused to the upper (UT) versus lower (LT) thoracic spine. Adult spine deformity patients ≥ 18 yrs with preoperative and 5-year (5Y) data fused to the sacrum/pelvis were included.