Relationships of eating behaviors with psychopathology, brain maturation and genetic risk for obesity in an adolescent cohort study.

Unhealthy eating, a risk factor for eating disorders (EDs) and obesity, often coexists with emotional and behavioral problems; however, the underlying neurobiological mechanisms are poorly understood. Analyzing data from the longitudinal IMAGEN adolescent cohort, we investigated associations between eating behaviors, genetic predispositions for high body mass index (BMI) using polygenic scores (PGSs), and trajectories (ages 14-23 years) of ED-related psychopathology and brain maturation. Clustering analyses at age 23 years ( = 996) identified 3 eating groups: restrictive, emotional/uncontrolled and healthy eaters.

Local effective connectivity changes after transcranial direct current stimulation in obsessive-compulsive disorder patients.

Aim: This study investigates the effects of transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) on brain network connectivity in individuals with obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD).

Methods: In a randomized, double-blind, sham-controlled experimental design anodal tDCS (vs. sham) was applied in a total of 43 right-handed patients with OCD, targeting the right pre-supplementary motor area (pre-SMA).

Assessing the balance between excitation and inhibition in chronic pain through the aperiodic component of EEG.

Chronic pain is a prevalent and debilitating condition whose neural mechanisms are incompletely understood. An imbalance of cerebral excitation and inhibition (E/I), particularly in the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC), is believed to represent a crucial mechanism in the development and maintenance of chronic pain. Thus, identifying a non-invasive, scalable marker of E/I could provide valuable insights into the neural mechanisms of chronic pain and aid in developing clinically useful biomarkers.

Superiority illusion in older adults: Volume and functional connectivity of the precuneus.

Aim: Superiority illusion (SI), a cognitive bias where individuals perceive themselves as better than others, may serve as a psychological mechanism that contributes to well-being and resilience in older adults. However, the specific neural basis of SI in elderly populations remains underexplored. This study aims to identify brain regions partially associated with SI, exploring its potential role in adaptive psychological processes.

A lightweight generative model for interpretable subject-level prediction.

Recent years have seen a growing interest in methods for predicting an unknown variable of interest, such as a subject's diagnosis, from medical images depicting its anatomical-functional effects. Methods based on discriminative modeling excel at making accurate predictions, but are challenged in their ability to explain their decisions in anatomically meaningful terms. In this paper, we propose a simple technique for single-subject prediction that is inherently interpretable.

Impact of Pediatric Posterior Fossa Tumor Treatments on Working Memory Tracts Using Resting-State fMRI and Tractography.

Background And Purpose: Working memory, a primary cognitive domain, is often impaired in pediatric brain tumor survivors, affecting their attention and processing speed. This study investigated the long-term effects of treatments, including surgery, radiotherapy (RT), and chemotherapy (CT), on working memory tracts in children with posterior fossa tumors (PFTs) using resting-state functional MRI (rs-fMRI) and diffusion MRI tractography.

Methods: This study included 16 medulloblastoma (MB) survivors treated with postoperative RT and CT, 14 pilocytic astrocytoma (PA) survivors treated with surgery alone, and 16 healthy controls from the Imaging Memory after Pediatric Cancer in children, adolescents, and young adults study (NCT04324450).

Impulsivity behaviors and white matter mediate the relationship between genetic risk for cannabis use disorder and early cannabis use in adolescents.

Background And Aim: Cannabis use disorder (CUD) is strongly influenced by genetic factors; however the mechanisms underpinning this association are not well understood. This study investigated whether a polygenic risk score (PRS) based on a genome-wide association study for CUD in adults predicts cannabis use in adolescents and whether the association can be explained by inter-individual variation in structural properties of brain white matter or risk-taking behaviors.

Design And Setting: Longitudinal and cross-sectional analyses using data from the IMAGEN cohort, a European longitudinal study integrating genetic, neuroimaging and behavioral measures.

Impaired macroscopic CSF flow by sevoflurane in humans - both during and after anesthesia.

Background: According to the model of the glymphatic system, the directed flow of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) is a driver of waste clearance from the brain. In sleep, glymphatic transport is enhanced, but it is unclear how it is affected by anesthesia. Animal research indicates partially opposing effects of distinct anesthetics but corresponding results in humans are lacking.

Subtypes of Insomnia Disorder Identified by Cortical Morphometric Similarity Network.

Insomnia disorder (ID) is a highly heterogeneous psychiatric disease, and the use of neuroanatomical data to objectively define biological subtypes is essential. We aimed to examine the neuroanatomical subtypes of ID by morphometric similarity network (MSN) and the association between MSN changes and specific transcriptional expression patterns. We recruited 144 IDs and 124 healthy controls (HC).

Blunted Ventral Striatal Reactivity to Social Reward Is Associated with More Severe Motivation and Pleasure Deficits in Psychosis.

Background And Hypothesis: Among individuals living with psychotic disorders, social impairment is common, debilitating, and challenging to treat. While the roots of this impairment are undoubtedly complex, converging lines of evidence suggest that social motivation and pleasure (MAP) deficits play a central role. Yet most neuroimaging studies have focused on monetary rewards, precluding decisive inferences.

Noninvasive blood-brain barrier integrity mapping in patients with high-grade glioma and metastasis by multi-echo time-encoded arterial spin labeling.

Purpose: In brain tumors, disruption of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) indicates malignancy. Clinical assessment is qualitative; quantitative evaluation is feasible using the K leakage parameter from dynamic susceptibility contrast MRI. However, contrast agent-based techniques are limited in patients with renal dysfunction and insensitive to subtle impairments.

Factors behind poor cognitive outcome following a thalamic stroke.

Background: Thalamic strokes produce neurological, cognitive, and behavioral symptoms depending on the thalamic nuclei involved. While traditionally associated with severe cognitive deficits, recent studies suggest more modest impairments. This study aims to identify the factors that influence the severity of cognitive impairment following thalamic stroke.

Dual antiplatelet therapy with ticagrelor vs clopidogrel in patients with TIA or minor stroke with or without symptomatic carotid artery stenosis: a post hoc analysis of the CHANCE-2 trial.

Background And Purpose: Symptomatic internal carotid artery stenosis (sCAS) is an essential cause of transient ischaemic attack (TIA) or minor stroke. We aimed to evaluate whether the superiority of aspirin-ticagrelor over aspirin-clopidogrel varies between patients with sCAS or not.

Methods: This was a post-hoc analysis of the High-Risk Patients with Acute Nondisabling Cerebrovascular Events-II (CHANCE-2) trial, all of which were loss-of-function alleles carriers.

Evaluation of the effectiveness of a digital escape room for learning veterinary anatomy.

Anatomy plays a key role in veterinary training, and alternatives to traditional teaching methods, such as game-based learning and escape rooms, are emerging as innovative and effective methods. However, the effectiveness of these approaches, particularly in areas such as veterinary anatomy, remains under-researched. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of a digital escape room in teaching veterinary anatomy to first-year students at the Toulouse Veterinary School.

Current State of the Neuroscience of Fear Extinction and Its Relevance to Anxiety Disorders.

The elucidation of the functional neuroanatomy of human fear, or threat, extinction has started in the 2000s by a series of enthusiastically greeted functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) studies that were able to translate findings from rodent research about an involvement of the ventromedial prefrontal cortex (vmPFC) and the hippocampus in fear extinction into human models. Enthusiasm has been painfully dampened by a meta-analysis of human fMRI studies by Fullana and colleagues in 2018 who showed that activation in these areas is inconsistent, sending shock waves through the extinction research community. The present review guides readers from the field (as well as non-specialist readers desiring safe knowledge about human extinction mechanisms) during a series of exposures with corrective information.

An insight from the default mode network in patients with amnesia following left thalamic infarction involving the mediodorsal nucleus and mammillothalamic tract.

The role of the medial part of the thalamus, and in particular the mediodorsal nucleus (MD) and the mammillothalamic tract (MTT), in memory has long been studied, but their contribution remains unclear. While the main functional hypothesis regarding the MTT focuses on memory, some authors postulate that the MD plays a supervisory executive role (indirectly affecting memory retrieval) due to its dense structural connectivity with the prefrontal cortex (PFC). Recently, it has been proposed that the MD, MTT and PFC form part of the DMN the default mode network (DMN).

Cervicothoracic volumetric bone mineral density assessed by opportunistic QCT may be a reliable marker for osteoporosis in adults.

Unlabelled: This study aimed to validate the correlation between volumetric bone mineral density in the cervicothoracic and lumbar spine using measurements from opportunistic CT scans. The bone density assessment proved feasible, allowing us to propose optimal cut-off values for diagnosing osteoporosis and predicting vertebral fractures in the cervical and thoracic spine.

Objectives: To investigate the performance of cervicothoracic volumetric bone mineral density (vBMD), obtained through opportunistic quantitative computed tomography (QCT), in discriminating patients with/without osteoporosis and with/without vertebral fractures (VFs), using lumbar vBMD as the reference.

Psychotherapy with somatosensory stimulation as a complementary treatment for women with endometriosis-associated pain - a qualitative study.

Objective: This qualitative study aimed to explore patients' experiences with a novel treatment approach for endometriosis-associated pain, termed 'sinosomatics'. Specifically, it sought to understand women's experiences of the treatment and its components, the effects of the treatment on biological, psychological, and social levels, and how the women interpreted the changes they experienced.

Methods: We conducted ten semi-structured interviews with patients, who had undergone the complementary treatment for endometriosis-associated pain.

Unveiling the intricate interplay: Exploring biological bridges between renal ischemia-reperfusion injury and T cell-mediated immune rejection in kidney transplantation.

Unlabelled: Although the link between ischemia-reperfusion injury (IRI) and T cell-mediated rejection (TCMR) in kidney transplantation (KT) is well known, the mechanism remains unclear. We investigated essential genes and biological processes involved in interactions between IRI and TCMR.

Methods: Renal IRI and TCMR datasets were obtained from the Gene Expression Omnibus database.

Corticospinal and Clinical Effects of Muscle Tendon Vibration in Neurologically Impaired Individuals. A Scoping Review.

This review verified the extent, variety, quality and main findings of studies that have tested the neurophysiological and clinical effects of muscle tendon vibration (VIB) in individuals with sensorimotor impairments. The search was conducted on PubMed, CINAHL, and SportDiscuss up to April 2024. Studies were selected if they included humans with neurological impairments, applied VIB and used at least one measure of corticospinal excitability using transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS).

Specifications and functional impact of a self-triggered grasp neuroprosthesis developed to restore prehension in hemiparetic post-stroke subjects.

Background: Stroke is the leading cause of acquired motor deficiencies in adults. Restoring prehension abilities is challenging for individuals who have not recovered active hand opening capacities after their rehabilitation. Self-triggered functional electrical stimulation applied to finger extensor muscles to restore grasping abilities in daily life is called grasp neuroprosthesis (GNP) and remains poorly accessible to the post-stroke population.

Hypoperfusion intensity ratio to differentiate between stroke etiologies in patients with a large vessel occlusion.

Background: Collateral circulation plays a key role in acute ischemic stroke. We sought to determine the association between the arterial collateral status, estimated by the Hypoperfusion Intensity Ratio (HIR) on perfusion MRI, and stroke etiology in anterior circulation large vessel occlusion (LVO).

Methods: We retrospectively analyzed anterior circulation LVO acute stroke patients with a baseline perfusion MRI performed within 24 h from symptom onset.

Pathway plaques and diffusion-weighted lesion analysis after endovascular treatment of unruptured intracranial aneurysms: a prospective study.

Objectives: To evaluate the prevalence and predictors of ischemic lesions on thin-slice DWI (2 mm) in endovascular treatments for unruptured intracranial aneurysms (UIA), particularly explore the potential relationship with pathway plaques.

Methods: Participants eligible for endovascular treatments with UIA at a national stroke center between March 2023 and August 2023 were prospectively enrolled. All participants performed thin-slice DWI (slice thickness of 2 mm) before and after procedures.

The benefit of inhibitory control training for insomnia with short sleep duration phenotype: a pilot randomized trial.

Background: Two phenotypes of insomnia disorder (ID) have been identified based on objective total sleep duration (TST): one with short sleep duration (ISSD) and another with normal sleep duration (INSD). Recent proposals suggested that insomnia with objective short-sleep duration (TST < 7 h) is associated with impaired inhibitory function, leading to a dysregulation of cortical inhibition, which may underlie its prevalence. This study investigated the status of impaired response inhibition in these two phenotypes and examined the potential different effect of response inhibition training on these two phenotypes.