Simulated patient methodology as a "gold standard" in community pharmacy practice: Response to criticism.

The simulated patient methodology (SPM) is considered the "gold standard" as covert participatory observation. SPM is attracting increasing interest for the investigation of community pharmacy practice; however, there is criticism that SPM can only show a small picture of everyday pharmacy practice and therefore has limited external validity. On the one hand, a certain design and application of the SPM goes hand in hand with an increase in external validity.

Counselling with a focus on product and price transparency for over-the-counter headache medicines: A simulated patient study in community pharmacies in Munich, Germany.

Background: In Germany, over-the-counter (OTC) medicines may only be dispensed by community pharmacies (CPs). German CPs must ensure 'adequate' counselling, including the cost of medicines. Along with information gathering and advice giving as classic aspects of counselling, the aim was also to investigate counselling indicators of product and price transparency.

Multifunctionality and provision of ecosystem services by livestock species and breeds at global level.

Beyond providing food, livestock species are linked to a wide range of uses and ecosystem services (ESs). Based on information reported by 41 countries on 3 361 national breed populations to the Domestic Animal Diversity Information System of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, we investigated how factors such as species, region, breed adaptedness, or management system associate with the recognition of provision of a set of 52 ESs. Among species, a greater number of cultural ESs were reported for horses (2.

How to approach a study in ethnopharmacology? Providing an example of the different research stages for newcomers to the field today.

Ethnopharmacology seeks to investigate humankind's use of natural materials, such as plants, fungi, microorganisms, animals, and minerals, for medicinal purposes. In this highly interdisciplinary field, which can be described as a bridge between the natural/medical and socio-cultural sciences, pharmacological, anthropological, and socio-cultural research methods are often applied, along with methods from other branches of science. When entering the field of ethnopharmacology as a newcomer, student, or early career researcher today, the tremendous amount of scientific publications, and even classical books from this field and related scientific disciplines, can be overwhelming.

Where to begin? The best publications for newcomers to ethnopharmacology.

Have you ever tried to enter a new field of research or to get a basic overview? Of course, we all have. However, where does one begin when entering a new field of research? This mini-review offers a concise (and certainly not comprehensive) overview on the fast-evolving field of ethnopharmacology. Based on a survey in which researchers provided feedback on the publications they find most relevant in the field and an assessment of what publications have been particularly relevant in the field, this paper offers a review of the 30 best papers and books for newcomers in the field.

Combined Application of Tacrolimus with Cyproconazole, Hymexazol and Novel {2-(3-R-1-1,2,4-triazol-5-yl)phenyl}amines as Antifungals: Growth Inhibition and Molecular Docking Analysis to Fungal Chitin Deacetylase.

Agents with antifungal activity play a vital role as therapeutics in health care, as do fungicides in agriculture. Effectiveness, toxicological profile, and eco-friendliness are among the properties used to select suitable substances. Furthermore, a steady supply of new agents with different modes of action is required to counter the well-known potential of human and phyto-pathogenic fungi to develop resistance against established antifungals.

Effect of lameness on feeding behavior of zero grazed Jersey dairy cows.

The dairy industry faces major challenges with high levels of lameness, in parallel to an increased consumer focus on animal welfare. This encourages farmers to consider more robust breeds, such as Jersey cows. As little is known about the behavior of this breed under loose housing conditions, the present study sought to describe the feeding behavior of lame and non-lame Jersey cows in different parities.

Illness behaviour and influencing aspects of general practitioners in Germany and their use of the health care system: a qualitative study.

Objectives: The aim of this study was to explore aspects that play a role when general practitioners (GPs) become ill and thus gain a more comprehensive understanding of the overall illness behaviour of GPs and their use of the healthcare system.

Setting: Primary care practices in Thuringia, Germany.

Participants: Convenience sample of 16 GPs.

Reproducibility of the Blood and Urine Exposome: A Systematic Literature Review and Meta-Analysis.

Endogenous and exogenous metabolite concentrations may be susceptible to variation over time. This variability can lead to misclassification of exposure levels and in turn to biased results. To assess the reproducibility of metabolites, the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) is computed.

Biochemical composition, antimicrobial and antifungal activities assessment of the fermented medicinal plants extract using lactic acid bacteria.

To prevent foodborne diseases and extend shelf life, antimicrobial agents may be used in food to inhibit the growth of undesired microorganisms. The present study was aimed to determine the antimicrobial and antifungal activities of the fermented medicinal plants extract using Lactobacillus acidophilus ATCC 4356. The fermentation kinetic parameters, biochemical composition and the volatile compounds of the fermented plant extract were assessed.

Assessment of Fruit and Vegetables Intake with Biomarkers in Children and Adolescents and Their Level of Validation: A Systematic Review.

Fruit and vegetables (FV) are part of a healthy diet and should be frequently consumed already at a young age. However, intake of FV is difficult to assess in children and adolescents due to various misreporting aspects. Thus, measurement of dietary biomarkers may be a promising alternative to assess FV intake more objectively at young age.

Comparison of the feeding behaviour of primiparous and multiparous Jersey and Holstein cows kept under equal conditions throughout lactation.

The objective of the study was to describe the feeding behaviour of primiparous and multiparous Jersey cows compared to Holstein cows housed in separate groups in the same barn. Such information could help farmers to optimise management with respect to welfare and production. Yet, it remains limited for Jersey cows over the entire period of lactation.

Digitalisation and Employees' Subjective Job Quality in the Second Half of Working Life in Germany.

Unlabelled: Since digitalisation alters occupational task profiles via automation processes, job quality is also likely to be affected. While existing literature mainly focusses on objective job quality, this study asks if and how digitalisation is associated with employees' subjective job quality in the second half of working life in Germany. Analyses are based on the German Ageing Survey 2014.

Pharmacological Assessment of the Antiprotozoal Activity, Cytotoxicity and Genotoxicity of Medicinal Plants Used in the Treatment of Malaria in the Greater Mpigi Region in Uganda.

We investigated the potential antimalarial and toxicological effects of 16 medicinal plants frequently used by traditional healers to treat malaria, fever, and related disorders in the Greater Mpigi region in Uganda. Species studied were , , , , , , , , , , , , , , and . In addition, the traditional healers indicated that is used as a ritual plant to boost fertility and prepare young women and teenagers for motherhood in some Ugandan communities where a high incidence of rapidly growing large breast masses in young female patients was observed (not necessarily breast cancer).

Antiinflammatory Medicinal Plants from the Ugandan Greater Mpigi Region Act as Potent Inhibitors in the COX-2/PGH Pathway.

Our study investigates 16 medicinal plants via assessment of inhibition of proinflammatory enzymes such as cyclooxygenases (COX). The plants are used by traditional healers in the Greater Mpigi region in Uganda to treat inflammation and related disorders. We present results of diverse in vitro experiments performed with 76 different plant extracts, namely, (1) selective COX-2 and COX-1 inhibitor screening; (2) 15-LOX inhibition screening; (3) antibacterial resazurin assay against multidrug-resistant , , , and K12; (4) DPPH assay for antioxidant activity; and (5) determination of the total phenolic content (TPC).

A Bibliographic Assessment Using the Degrees of Publication Method: Medicinal Plants from the Rural Greater Mpigi Region (Uganda).

In ethnopharmacological research, many field assessment tools exist. Yet, these miss that critical point of how to really determine which species merit the costly lab studies, e.g.

Intersectoral care management for older people with cognitive impairment during and after hospital stays [intersec-CM]: study protocol for a process evaluation within a randomised controlled trial.

Background: In the healthcare system in Germany, different institutions and actors play specific roles in the discharge and transition of patients from hospitals into primary care (Sachverständigenrat zur Begutachtung der Entwicklung im Gesundheitswesen, Wettbewerb an der Schnittstelle zwischen ambulanter und stationärer Gesundheitsversorgung, 2012). However, there are shortcomings in these intersectoral transitions. Especially in older people with cognitive impairment (PCI), discharge management often lacks coordination and cooperation between healthcare providers.

Activity-based working: Qualitative analysis of working conditions and health-related outcomes.

Background: The changing of work, driven by digitization, leads to the demand of large, open spaces in which the employees can work alone or in teams, can hold meetings or even find corners to relax.

Objective: This study empirically analyzed job demands and resources that can be found in innovative office concepts, like so called "activity-based working concepts".

Methods: 16 semi-structured face-to-face interviews were performed with employees working in activity-based offices.

Targeting ESKAPE pathogens with anti-infective medicinal plants from the Greater Mpigi region in Uganda.

Antibiotic resistance poses one of the greatest threats to global health today; conventional drug therapies are becoming increasingly inefficacious and limited. We identified 16 medicinal plant species used by traditional healers for the treatment of infectious and inflammatory diseases in the Greater Mpigi region of Uganda. Extracts were evaluated for their ability to inhibit growth of clinical isolates of multidrug-resistant ESKAPE pathogens.

Novel N-Cycloalkylcarbonyl-N'-arylthioureas: Synthesis, Design, Antifungal Activity and Gene Toxicity.

A synthesis method of novel N-cycloalkylcarbonyl-N'-arylthioureas was developed. It consists of sequential addition of equimolecular amounts of ammonium isothiocyanate and substituted anilines to cycloalkylcarbonyl chlorides. The identity and purity of products were confirmed by LC/MS spectra, their structure by elemental analysis, IR and H-NMR spectra.

Ethnobotanical study of selected medicinal plants traditionally used in the rural Greater Mpigi region of Uganda.

Ethnopharmacological Relevance: This study provides the first report on selected traditional medicinal plant use, including parts used and methods of preparation, in the Greater Mpigi region of Uganda. This data supports the conservation of local traditional ecological knowledge and will facilitate future drug discovery research.

Aim Of The Study: Our study aimed to conserve culturally and scientifically-valuable medical knowledge of 16 plant species traditionally used in the Greater Mpigi region in Uganda, namely Albizia coriaria, Cassine buchananii, Combretum molle, Erythrina abyssinica, Ficus saussureana, Harungana madagascariensis, Leucas calostachys, Microgramma lycopodioides, Morella kandtiana, Plectranthus hadiensis, Securidaca longipedunculata, Sesamum calycinum subsp.