Recall of tobacco pack health warnings by the population in Ukraine and its association with the perceived tobacco health hazard.

Objectives: After years of prevalence of smoking increase, Ukraine observes its decline. Recent tobacco control measures included smoke-free policies, new textual health warnings (THW) since late 2006, ban of outdoor tobacco advertising since January 2009 and tobacco tax increase since late 2008. The objective was to estimate potential contribution of THW to smoking decline process in Ukraine.

Empirical studies on informal patient payments for health care services: a systematic and critical review of research methods and instruments.

Background: Empirical evidence demonstrates that informal patient payments are an important feature of many health care systems. However, the study of these payments is a challenging task because of their potentially illegal and sensitive nature. The aim of this paper is to provide a systematic review and analysis of key methodological difficulties in measuring informal patient payments.

Spatial sequencing of microbial reduction of chromate and nitrate in membrane bioreactor.

Sequential reduction of chromate and nitrate, two competitive electron acceptors, has been demonstrated for strains of Pseudomonas genus for both planktonic cells and cells immobilised in agar layers on the surface of synthetic membrane. Denitrification occurs practically after chromate depletion. This order of reduction process is consistent with redox potentials of the respective reactions.

Changes in smoking prevalence in Ukraine in 2001-5.

Objectives: To analyse trends in smoking prevalence in Ukraine from three surveys conducted in 2001-5, and to explore correlates of observed changes, in order to estimate the stage of tobacco epidemic in Ukraine.

Design: Repeated national interview surveys in Ukraine in 2001, 2002 and 2005.

Main Outcome Measure: Prevalence of current smoking among the population aged > or = 15 years.

Correlates of smoking initiation among young adults in Ukraine: a cross-sectional study.

Aim: To estimate the impact of smoking restrictions in homes and schools, and tobacco advertising and information on smoking initiation by young people in Ukraine.

Methods: Data of 609 young people aged 15-29 was taken from the national representative survey conducted in June 2005.

Outcome Measures: The reported age of cigarette initiation was used to characterize the start of smoking experimentation, and the reported age of daily smoking initiation was considered to be a characteristic of established smoking.

Genetic analysis of the T. aestivum/Ae. sharonensis introgressive lines of common wheat for resistance to powdery mildew.

Results of investigation of peculiarities of common wheat hybridological analysis for a discrete character, resistance for powdery mildew, governed by the alien gene from Ae. sharonensis are present. Relation between genome structure of crossed introgressive lines and deviation of empirical ratios of segregation in F2 from theoretical, based on the assumption about monogenic inheritance of considered character is established.