Radiolabeling of bionanomaterials with technetium 99m: current state and future prospects.

Radiolabeling of bionanomaterials with technetium-99m (Tc) has become a promising approach in combining the benefits of nanotechnology and nuclear medicine for diagnostic and therapeutic purposes. This review is intended to provide a comprehensive overview of the state-of-the-art of radiolabeling of bionanomaterials with Tc, highlighting the synthesis methods, labeling mechanisms, biological evaluation, physicochemical characterization and clinical applications of Tc-labeled bionanomaterials. Various types of nanomaterials are considered in the review, including lipid- and protein-based nanosystems, dendrimers and polymeric nanomaterials.

Erratum: "Fractional Brownian motion with random Hurst exponent: Accelerating diffusion and persistence transitions" [Chaos 32, 093114 (2022)].

We point out a minor mistake in Fig. 10 in the published version of our paper [M. Balcerek et al.

Negative diffusion of excitons in quasi-two-dimensional systems.

We show how two different mobile-immobile type models explain the observation of negative diffusion of excitons reported in experimental studies in quasi-two-dimensional semiconductor systems. The main reason for the effect is the initial trapping and a delayed release of free excitons in the area close to the original excitation spot. The density of trapped excitons is not registered experimentally.

Universal singularities of anomalous diffusion in the Richardson class.

Inhomogeneous environments are rather ubiquitous in nature, often implying anomalies resulting in deviation from Gaussianity of diffusion processes. While sub- and superdiffusion are usually due to contrasting environmental features (hindering or favoring the motion, respectively), they are both observed in systems ranging from the micro- to the cosmological scale. Here we show how a model encompassing sub- and superdiffusion in an inhomogeneous environment exhibits a critical singularity in the normalized generator of the cumulants.

Anomalous Dynamical Scaling Determines Universal Critical Singularities.

Anomalous diffusion phenomena occur on length scales spanning from intracellular to astrophysical ranges. A specific form of decay at a large argument of the probability density function of rescaled displacement (scaling function) is derived and shown to imply universal singularities in the normalized cumulant generator. Exact calculations for continuous time random walks provide paradigmatic examples connected with singularities of second order phase transitions.

Kinetics of Precipitation Processes at Non-Zero Input Fluxes of Segregating Particles.

We consider the process of formation and growth of clusters of a new phase in segregation processes in solid or liquid solutions in an open system when segregating particles are added continuously to it with a given rate of input fluxes, Φ. As shown here, the value of the input flux significantly affects the number of supercritical clusters formed, their growth kinetics, and, in particular, the coarsening behavior in the late stages of the process. The detailed specification of the respective dependencies is the aim of the present analysis, which combines numerical computations with an analytical treatment of the obtained results.

Crystal nucleation in a glass during relaxation well below T.

Until quite recently, in almost all papers on crystal nucleation in glass-forming substances, it was assumed that nucleation proceeds in a completely relaxed supercooled liquid and, hence, at constant values of the critical parameters determining the nucleation rate for any given set of temperature, pressure, and composition. Here, we analyze the validity of this hypothesis for a model system by studying nucleation in a lithium silicate glass treated for very long times (up to 250 days) in deeply supercooled states, reaching 60 K below the laboratory glass transition temperature, T. At all temperatures in the considered range, T < T, we observed an enormous difference between the experimental number of nucleated crystals, N(t), and its theoretically expected value computed by assuming the metastable state of the relaxing glass has been reached.

Non-Markovian diffusion of excitons in layered perovskites and transition metal dichalcogenides.

The diffusion of excitons in perovskites and transition metal dichalcogenides shows clear anomalous, subdiffusive behaviour in experiments. In this paper we develop a non-Markovian mobile-immobile model which provides an explanation of this behaviour through paired theoretical and simulation approaches. The simulation model is based on a random walk on a 2D lattice with randomly distributed deep traps such that the trapping time distribution involves slowly decaying power-law asymptotics.

Application of HRGS for forensic characterization of uranium oxides, pure uranium metals and uranium alloys.

A nondestructive iterative method for uranium-bearing material characterization with HRGS developed earlier in Burdeinyi et al. (2020) is applied to determine matrix densities, uranium mass fraction and uranium isotope masses of uranium ore, UO and UO powders, fuel elements in the form of UO microspheres, uranium metal and uranium alloys. It is shown that UO powders with uranium mass fraction of about 84% can be distinguished from the powders of UO with uranium mass fraction of about 87%; uranium products in the form of liquid or loose powder with matrix density of 0.

Structure and Properties of ZrON Coatings Synthesized by Cathodic Arc Evaporation.

The transition metal oxynitrides are a coating material with decorative features due to their adjustable color and good mechanical properties. The purpose of the research was to study the effect of the relative oxygen concentration O = O/(N + O) in particular on adhesion, but also on the color, structural and mechanical properties of ZrON coatings synthesized by cathodic arc evaporation on HS6-5-2 steel substrates. The surface morphology, phase and chemical composition and mechanical properties were determined using scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, wavelength dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, nanoindentation and scratch test.

Effect of Metallic or Non-Metallic Element Addition on Surface Topography and Mechanical Properties of CrN Coatings.

Alteration of the phase composition of a coating and/or its surface topography can be achieved by changing the deposition technology and/or introducing additional elements into the coating. Investigation of the effect of the composition of CrN-based coatings (including AlCrN and CrON) on the microparticle height and volume, as well as the construction of correlations between the friction coefficient at the microscale and the geometry of microparticles, are the goals of this study. We use atomic force microscopy (AFM), which is the most effective method of investigation with nanometer resolution.

Picosecond solid-state generator with a peak power of 50 GW.

This article describes a picosecond solid-state pulsed system, where the input pulse from the generator with a semiconductor opening switch (SOS) is amplified in power and decreases in duration by ferrite gyromagnetic lines. The lines operate in the Magnetic Compression Line (MCL) mode, which occurs at close values of the input pulse duration and the period of the oscillations generated in the line. The energy compression system contains three successive stages-MCL1-MCL3 lines.

A new nondestructive iterative method for forensics characterization of uranium-bearing materials by HRGS.

In addition to the isotopic composition of a radioactive material, the high-resolution gamma spectrometry (HRGS) allows one to quantify physical characteristics of the material, which are important for nuclear forensics. A quantitative assessment of these characteristics requires two input parameters: the sample density and the mass fraction of radioactive material in the matrix. A method is proposed to determine these parameters provided that the enrichment and the total mass of the material are known.

Exceptionally high strain-hardening and ductility due to transformation induced plasticity effect in Ti-rich high-entropy alloys.

Ti-rich body-centered cubic (BCC, β) high-entropy alloys having compositions TiZrHfNbTa, TiZrHfTaSn, and TiZrHfTaSn (in at%) were designed using bond order (Bo)-mean d-orbital energy level (Md) approach. Deformation mechanisms of these alloys were studied using tensile deformation. The alloys showed exceptionally high strain-hardening and ductility.

Ion temperature measurement techniques using fast sweeping retarding field analyzer (RFA) in strongly intermittent ASDEX Upgrade tokamak plasmas.

This manuscript presents a new method of interpreting the ion temperature (T) measurement with a retarding field analyzer (RFA) that accounts for the intermittent/turbulent nature of the scrape off layer (SOL) plasmas in tokamaks. Fast measurements and statistical methods are desirable for an adequate description of random fluctuations caused by such intermittent events as edge localized modes (ELMs) and blobs. We use a RFA that can sweep its current-voltage (I-V) characteristics with up to 10 kHz.

Image evaluation and breast density categories as a function of mammary positioning in full-field digital mammography.

Background: Appropriate mammary positioning is an important factor in optimizing image quality in mammography (MMG).

Purpose: To study the correlation of quality criteria and breast density classification proposed by the American College of Radiology (ACR) and European Guidelines and its influence to achieve a proper positioning, therefore an adequate MMG.

Material And Methods: A total of 128 routine MMG examinations were reviewed for the definition of breast composition parenchyma and assessment of several quality criteria proposed by the ACR and European Guidelines to achieve an adequate MMG.

IShTAR: A test facility to study the interaction between RF wave and edge plasmas.

Existence of high electric fields near an RF antenna launcher causes a number of parasitic phenomena, such as arcing and impurity release, which seriously deteriorate the performance of an Ion Cyclotron Range of Frequencies (ICRF) heating scheme in fusion devices. Limited accessibility of the near antenna region in large-scale fusion experiments significantly complicates the associated experimental studies. The IShTAR test facility has been developed with the requirement to provide a better accessibility and diagnosability of plasmas in the direct vicinity of an ICRF antenna.

Heterogeneous Nucleation in Solutions on Rough Solid Surfaces: Generalized Gibbs Approach.

Heterogeneous nucleation of new phase clusters on a rough solid surface is studied. The ambient phase is considered to be a regular supersaturated solution. In contrast to existing studies of the same problem, the possible difference between the state parameters of the critical cluster and the corresponding parameters of a newly formed macroscopic phase is accounted for.

Entropy and the Tolman Parameter in Nucleation Theory.

Thermodynamic aspects of the theory of nucleation are commonly considered employing Gibbs' theory of interfacial phenomena and its generalizations. Utilizing Gibbs' theory, the bulk parameters of the critical clusters governing nucleation can be uniquely determined for any metastable state of the ambient phase. As a rule, they turn out in such treatment to be widely similar to the properties of the newly-evolving macroscopic phases.

Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of High-Entropy Alloy CoCrFeMnNi Processed by High-Pressure Torsion at 77 K and 300 K.

In this work, the mechanical characteristics of high-entropy alloy CoCrFeMnNi with low-stacking fault energy processed by cryogenic and room temperature high-pressure torsion (HPT) were studied. X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) analyses were performed to identify the phase and microstructure variation and the mechanical properties characterized by Vickers hardness measurements and tensile testing. Cryogenic HPT was found to result in a lower mechanical strength of alloy CoCrFeMnNi than room temperature HPT.

Ceramic Piezoelectric Transformer in Vacuum for Acceleration of Electrons and Production of X-Rays.

Experiments on acceleration of electrons and production of X-ray radiation with use of ceramic piezoelectric transformers installed in vacuum are described and analyzed. The piezoelectric transformer operates at resonance frequency. Electrons are accelerated from the high-voltage electrode of the ceramic piezoelectric transformer toward the grounded target, where they emit bremsstrahlung and characteristic X-ray radiation in the target material.

Kinetics of electron cooling in metal films at low temperatures and revision of the two-temperature model.

The two-temperature model (2TM) introduced by Kaganov, Lifshitz, and Tanatarov is widely used to describe the energy relaxation in the electron-phonon system of a metallic film. At the same time, the accuracy of the description of the electron-phonon system in terms of the 2TM, i.e.

Heterogeneous nucleation on rough surfaces: Generalized Gibbs' approach.

Heterogeneous nucleation (condensation) of liquid droplets from vapor (gas) on a defective solid surface is considered. The vapor is described by the van der Waals equation of state. The dependence of nucleating droplet parameters on droplet size is accounted for within the generalized Gibbs approach.