[A Review of Recent European Clinical Guidelines: What Useful for the Practitioner?].

This review article provides an outline of 5 of the updated clinical practice guidelines of the European Society of Cardiology developed by leading experts of the relevant working groups of the society. Guidelines deal with new approaches to identification, diagnosis, treatment and prevention of pericardial diseases, ventricular arrhythmias, pulmonary hypertension, infective endocarditis and acute coronary syndrome without ST segment elevation and comprise new diagnostic algorithms. Risk stratification and taking into account etiological factors are considered as important links for conduct of medical and surgical treatments of corresponding cardiovascular diseases.

[Problems of Determination of Degree of Disability After Coronary Artery Bypass Surgery].

The review contains data on rates of permanent loss of working ability (disability) after coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) in Russia and in European populations of patients with ischemic heart disease. According to domestic studies determination of disability status is not based on assessment of objective characteristics of functional reserve of cardiovascular system. Most patients after surgery retain disability status.

[Novel Scale for Long-Term Prognostication of Risk of Death and Nonfatal Cardiovascular Complications in Patients From the PROGNOSIS-IHD Registry].

Purpose: To elaborate a risk score for prognostication of long-term survival of patients with chronic ischemic heart disease (CIHD) using data of the PROGNOSIS-IHD Registry.

Material And Methods: Participants of the PROGNOSIS-IHD Registry (n=641, 500 men, 141 women) were inhabitants of Moscow region consecutively admitted for planned hospitalization with diagnosis of IHD to the clinic of the Center of Preventive Medicine from 01.01.

[Soluble Suppression of Tumorogenicity 2 Increases Opportunities for Risk Stratification After Acute Heart Failure Decompensation].

Purpose: to evaluate the significance of soluble ST2-receptor (sST2) concentrations in patient (pts) risk stratification in with acute decompensated heart failure (ADHF) during long-term follow-up period.

Methods: In the prospective single-center study were included 159 pts with ADHF III-IV FC NYHA. Blood samples to determine NT-proBNP, sST2, hsTnT concentration were collected at the admission and at discharge from the hospital, and after 3, 6 and 12 months of follow-up.

[Five Year Dynamics of Main Clinical Symptoms in Patients With Ischemic Heart Disease in Russia in Comparison With Other Countries (the CLARIFY Registry)].

Unlabelled: The CLARIFY register (The prospeCtive observational LongitudinAl RegIstry oF patients with stable coronary arterY disease) combined data of outpatients with stable coronary artery disease (CAD) from 45 countries including Russia. Purpose of this publication was to analyze dynamics of stable angina during 5 years of follow up in the Russian CLARIFY cohort compared with cohorts of patients from European and non-European countries.

Material And Methods: Number of patients recruited in Russia was 2249.

[Assessment of the Possibility of Comparing Mortality Rates from Diseases of the Circulatory System in the United States and Russia].

Objective: to compare and discuss causes of differences between standardized mortality rates (SMR) from diseases of the circulatory system (DCS) among men and women older than 50 years in Russia and USA.

Material And Methods: Data on mortality rate in the USA were taken from WHO mortality database (WHO MD), those on the USA population by 5-years age bands from Human Mortality Database (HMD). Information on mortality rates in Russia was obtained from Rosstat.

[A Single Preventive Counseling in the Hospital Does Not Improve the Prognosis of Patients After Percutaneous Coronary Intervention].

Unlabelled: The purpose of the study "Invasive Techniques for the treatment of atherosclerosis: the effectiveness of secondary preventive intervention" (IMLA-TRAC) - long-term efficacy of single preventive counseling of patients with coronary heart disease (CHD) in a stationary treatment for percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI).

Material And Methods: In a prospective, randomized, controlled trial included 160 patients with coronary artery disease who underwent PCI between the ages of 38 to 87 years (mean age 59,43+/-8,94 years, 81.9% male).

[The Prediction Model of Cardiovascular Events Among the Russian Population: Methodological Aspects].

Unlabelled: Modeling is the common approach for predicting not only the population health, but also the social and economic burden of disease, which is an important argument while making decisions in health care and prevention.

Aim: To develop the model for predicting cardiovascular risk, applicable for the assessment of clinical and socio-economic effects of preventive and therapeutic actions at the level of the whole population or part (region, city, group of patients).

Material And Methods: An analytical model for making decision was performed by using a Markov model consisting of Markov states and probabilities of transition from one state to another within a certain time interval.

[Assessment of Relationship Between Cardiovascular Risk and Risk of Development of Diabetes Mellitus].

Aim: to analyze interrelationship between cardiovascular risk (CVR) and risk of development of diabetes mellitus (DM) in a cohort of working age men.

Material And Methods: We enrolled in this study 300 men aged 40-59 years with more or equal 1 risk factors. Examination included questionnaire, standard clinical, instrumental, and laboratory studies.

[Mortality and risk factors for non-communicable diseases in Russia: Specific features, trends, and prognosis].

In the Russian Federation, the increase in all-cause and cardiovascular disease mortality began in the 1960s and lasted almost continuously until 2003. In our country, the characteristics of mortality are its substantially higher rates among men and a large regional variability, which is associated with economic, climatic, and geographic factors. Urbanization coupled with dietary changes and the higher prevalence of hypertension is the most likely initial impetus to the rise in mortality rates.

Metabolically healthy obese and metabolically unhealthy non-obese phenotypes in a Russian population.

Introduction: The aim of the study was to estimate the prevalence of metabolically healthy obese (MHO) and metabolically unhealthy non-obese (MUNO) phenotypes in Russian population.

Design And Methods: In cross-sectional epidemiology survey "Epidemiology of cardiovascular diseases and its risk factors in some regions of the Russian Federation" a random sampling of 21,121 subjects (25-65 years), stratified by age and sex was involved. Anthropometry, blood pressure (BP) measurement and fasting blood-tests (glucose, lipids) were performed according to standard protocols.

Treatment of cardiovascular pathology with epigenetically active agents: Focus on natural and synthetic inhibitors of DNA methylation and histone deacetylation.

Cardiovascular disease (CVD) retains a leadership as a major cause of human death worldwide. Although a substantial progress was attained in the development of cardioprotective and vasculoprotective drugs, a search for new efficient therapeutic strategies and promising targets is under way. Modulation of epigenetic CVD mechanisms through administration epigenetically active agents is one of such new approaches.

The relationship between the metabolic syndrome and arterial wall thickness: A mosaic still to be interpreted.

Background And Aims: We aimed to identify clusters of metabolic syndrome (MetS) components, risky for extremely high intima-media thickness.

Methods: We studied 41,513 volunteers (men and women) from eleven cohorts worldwide, participating in the MARE (Metabolic syndrome and Artery REsearch) Consortium.

Results: Specific clusters of MetS components - high triglycerides-high blood pressure-abdominal obesity (TBW), low HDL cholesterol-high blood pressure-abdominal obesity (HBW), high glucose-high blood pressure-abdominal obesity (GBW) - were accompanied by a 50-90% significantly greater likelihood of presenting extremely high intima-media thickness (via ultrasound of carotid artery, CCA IMT), after controlling for age, sex, smoking, non-HDL cholesterol, and presence of diabetes mellitus.

Epigenetically Active Drugs Inhibiting DNA Methylation and Histone Deacetylation.

Epigenetic mechanisms, which are involved in the regulation of gene expression, are tightly controlled. Loss of a proper epigenetic control can lead to global epigenetic alterations frequently observed in various diseases including cancer. Aberrant epigenetic changes induced in malignant cells lead to emergence of neoplastic properties, which inhibit cell differentiation and strict cell cycle control but greatly enhance stemness-related features.

Paraoxonase and atherosclerosis-related cardiovascular diseases.

In humans, three paraoxonase (PON1, PON2, and PON3) genes are clustered on chromosome 7 at a locus that spans a distance around 170 kb. These genes are highly homologous to each other and have a similar protein structural organization. PON2 is the intracellular enzyme, which is expressed in many tissues and organs, while two other members of PON gene family are produced by liver and associate with high density lipoprotein (HDL).

Atorvastatin Therapy Modulates Telomerase Activity in Patients Free of Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Diseases.

Telomerase activity (TA) is considered as the biomarker for cardiovascular aging and cardiovascular diseases (CVDs). Recent studies suggest a link between statins and telomere biology that may be explained by anti-inflammatory actions of statins and their positive effect on TA. Until now, this effect has not been investigated in prospective randomized studies.

Carotid and Aortic Stiffness in Patients with Heterozygous Familial Hypercholesterolemia.

Background: The role of plasma cholesterol in impairing arterial function and elasticity remains unclear. We evaluated arterial stiffness, measured locally in the common carotid artery by high-resolution echo-tracking, and aortic stiffness, using carotid-femoral pulse wave velocity (PWV) (the "gold-standard" measurement of arterial stiffness), in treatment-naive patients with heterozygous familial hypercholesterolemia (FH).

Methods: The study included 66 patients with FH (10-66 years old) and 57 first-degree relatives without FH (11-61 years old).

Global and regional effects of potentially modifiable risk factors associated with acute stroke in 32 countries (INTERSTROKE): a case-control study.

Background: Stroke is a leading cause of death and disability, especially in low-income and middle-income countries. We sought to quantify the importance of potentially modifiable risk factors for stroke in different regions of the world, and in key populations and primary pathological subtypes of stroke.

Methods: We completed a standardised international case-control study in 32 countries in Asia, America, Europe, Australia, the Middle East, and Africa.

Geographic variations in the PARADIGM-HF heart failure trial.

Aims: The globalization of clinical trials has highlighted geographic variations in patient characteristics, event rates, and treatment effects. We investigated these further in PARADIGM-HF, the largest and most globally representative trial in heart failure (HF) to date.

Methods And Results: We looked at five regions: North America (NA) 602 (8%), Western Europe (WE) 1680 (20%), Central/Eastern Europe/Russia (CEER) 2762 (33%), Latin America (LA) 1433 (17%), and Asia-Pacific (AP) 1487 (18%).

[Evaluation of cardiovascular remodeling and epicardial fat thickness in patients with chronic heart failure and metabolic syndrome].

Aim: To estimate cardiac chamber sizes and epicardial fat (EF) thickness in patients with chronic heart failure (CHF) and metabolic syndrome (MS).

Materials And Methods: The investigation enrolled 77 patients with CHF. The diagnosis of the latter was made on the basis of clinical symptoms and verified measuring N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide levels in all the patients.