Circulating MicroRNAs in Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis: A Narrative Review.

Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a chronic, deathly disease with no recognized effective cure as yet. Furthermore, its diagnosis and differentiation from other diffuse interstitial diseases remain a challenge. Circulating miRNAs have been measured in IPF and have proven to be an adequate option as biomarkers for this disease.

Exercise-Induced Bronchoconstriction Background Prevalence Around the World.

Exercise-induced bronchoconstriction (EIB), subgrouped as exercise-induced bronchoconstriction with asthma (EIBa) or without asthma, is defined as acute airway narrowing that occurs during or after exercise. EIB has been described mostly in patients with asthma and athletes. Prevalence differs according to the subjects studied, challenge methods, and EIB definition.

The ecto-enzyme CD38 modulates CD4T cell immunometabolic responses and participates in HIV pathogenesis.

Despite abundant evidence correlating T cell CD38 expression and HIV infection pathogenesis, its role as a CD4T cell immunometabolic regulator remains unclear. We find that CD38's extracellular glycohydrolase activity restricts metabolic reprogramming after T cell receptor (TCR)-engaging stimulation in Jurkat T CD4 cells, together with functional responses, while reducing intracellular nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide and nicotinamide mononucleotide concentrations. Selective elimination of CD38's ectoenzyme function licenses them to decrease the oxygen consumption rate/extracellular acidification rate ratio upon TCR signaling and to increase cycling, proliferation, survival, and CD40L induction.

Mesenchymal stem cells attenuate the proinflammatory cytokine pattern in a guinea pig model of chronic cigarette smoke exposure.

Aims: Cigarette smoke often induces pulmonary and systemic inflammation. In animal models, mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) tend to ameliorate these effects. We aimed to explore the local and systemic expression of cytokines in guinea pigs chronically exposed to cigarette smoke, and their modifications by MSC.

Exosomal Micro-RNAs as Intercellular Communicators in Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis.

Communication between neighboring or distant cells is made through a complex network that includes extracellular vesicles (EVs). Exosomes, which are a subgroup of EVs, are released from most cell types and have been found in biological fluids such as urine, plasma, and airway secretions like bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL), nasal lavage, saliva, and sputum. Mainly, the cargo exosomes are enriched with mRNAs and microRNAs (miRNAs), which can be transferred to a recipient cell consequently modifying and redirecting its biological function.

Affective Comorbidity Associated with Symptoms, Lung Function, and Differences Between Patients with COPD for Biomass and Tobacco Smoke Exposure.

Anxiety and depression are common entities in patients diagnosed with Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD). This study aimed to determine the prevalence of affective comorbidity (depression and anxiety) associated with lung function, functional capacity, dyspnea, and quality of life; as well as the differences between groups of patients diagnosed with COPD associated with biomass (COPD-BE) and patients with COPD secondary to tobacco (COPD-TS). Comparative cross-sectional observational study.

miR-34a in serum is involved in mild-to-moderate COPD in women exposed to biomass smoke.

Background: Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is characterized by persistent respiratory symptoms and airflow limitation that is due to airway and/or alveolar abnormalities. The main causes of COPD are Gene-environment interactions associated with tobacco smoking (COPD-TS) and biomass smoke (COPD-BS). It is well know that microRNAs (miRNAs) participate in the control of post-transcriptional regulation and are involved in COPD-TS; nevertheless, those miRNAS are participating in the COPD-BS are unidentified.

Lung necrosectomy in pediatric patients with necrotizing pneumonia.

Introduction: Necrotizing pneumonia is the consolidation of lung parenchyma with destruction and necrosis, forming solitary or multiloculated radiolucent foci. When antibiotic treatment fails and clinical course does not improve, patients might need lung tissue resection: segmentectomy, lobectomy or bilobectomy. We have performed a more conservative surgical approach in pediatric patients with necrotizing pneumonia, lung necrosectomy: resection of unviable necrotic tissue, to preserve more healthy and potentially recoverable lung parenchyma.

Parainfluenza virus type 1 induces epithelial IL-8 production via p38-MAPK signalling.

Human parainfluenza virus type 1 (HPIV-1) is the most common cause of croup in infants. The aim of this study was to describe molecular mechanisms associated with IL-8 production during HPIV-1 infection and the role of viral replication in MAPK synthesis and activation. An in vitro model of HPIV-1 infection in the HEp-2 and A549 cell lines was used; a kinetic-based ELISA for IL-8 detection was also used, phosphorylation of the mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) was identified by Western blot analysis, and specific inhibitors for each kinase were used to identify which MAPK was involved.

Transnasal endoscopic approach in the treatment of Graves ophthalmopathy: the value of a medial periorbital strip.

Objectives: Present our experience with orbital decompression using an endoscopic transnasal approach and test whether preservation of an anteroposterior periorbital strip overlying the medial rectus muscle can reduce the incidence of postoperative diplopia.

Patient And Methods: Retrospective, descriptive study conducted on 16 patients with Graves ophthalmopathy operated on with orbital decompression between 2004 and 2009.

Results: Twelve women and four men (mean age, 34.