Exploring dysregulated miRNAs in ALS: implications for disease pathogenesis and early diagnosis.

Background: Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a progressive neurodegenerative disease marked by motor neuron degeneration, leading to muscle weakness and paralysis, with no effective treatments available. Early diagnosis could slow disease progression and optimize treatment. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are being investigated as potential biomarkers due to their regulatory roles in cellular processes and stability in biofluids.

Neurotoxicity of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances: Evidence and future directions.

Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are synthetic chemicals widely used in various products, including food packaging, textiles, and firefighting foam, owing to their unique properties such as amphiphilicity and strong CF bonds. Despite their widespread use, concerns have arisen due to their resistance to degradation and propensity for bioaccumulation in both environmental and human systems. Emerging evidence suggests a potential link between PFAS exposure and neurotoxic effects, spanning cognitive deficits, neurodevelopmental disorders, and neurodegenerative diseases.

An intricate balancing act: Upstream and downstream frameshift co-regulatory elements.

Targeting ribosomal frameshifting has emerged as a potential therapeutic intervention strategy against Covid-19. During ribosomal translation, a fraction of elongating ribosomes slips by one base in the 5' direction and enters a new reading frame for viral protein synthesis. Any interference with this process profoundly affects viral replication and propagation.

Synthesis, characterization and larvicidal studies of ethyl 3-benzoyl-7-(piperidin-1-yl)indolizine-1-carboxylate analogues against and cheminformatics approaches.

According to WHO, in 2021, there was an estimation of 247 million malaria cases from 84 malaria-endemic countries. Globally an estimated count of 2 billion malaria cases and 11.7 million deaths due to malaria were recorded in the past two decades.

Effect of Organic Solvents on Acetylcholinesterase Inhibition and Enzyme Kinetics.

Background: The most widespread signalling system in the brain is the cholinergic system, which plays a central role in the progress of Alzheimer's diseases (AD). Current AD treatment primarily targets the neuronal acetylcholinesterase (AChE) enzyme. The finding of AChE activity may play a vital role in optimizing assays for drug discovery of new AChE inhibiting agents.

Harnessing personalized tailored medicines to digital-based data-enriched edible pharmaceuticals.

Tailoring drug products to personalized medicines poses challenges for conventional dosage forms. The prominent reason is the restricted availability of flexible dosage strengths in the market. Inappropriate dosage strengths lead to adverse drug reactions or compromised therapeutic effects.

Intracellular DAMPs in Neurodegeneration and Their Role in Clinical Therapeutics.

Neuroinflammation is the major implication of neurodegeneration. This is a complex process which initiates from the cellular injury triggering the innate immune system which gives rise to damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) which are also recognized as endogenous danger indicators. These originate from various compartments of the cell under pathological stimulus.

Recent advances to overcome the burden of Japanese encephalitis: A zoonotic infection with problematic early detection.

Japanese encephalitis (JE) is a vector-borne neurotropic disease caused by Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) associated with high mortality rate distributed from Eastern and Southern Asia to Northern Queensland (Australia). The challenges in early detection and lack of point-of-care biomarkers make it the most important Flavivirus causing encephalitis. There is no specific treatment for the disease, although vaccines are licenced.

Melatonin ameliorates chronic copper-induced lung injury.

Copper (Cu) is an important trace element required for several biological processes. The use of copper is increasing gradually in several applications. Previous studies suggest that excess levels of copper are attributed to induce oxidative stress and inflammation, mediating tissue damage.

Posttranscriptional regulation of Nrf2 through miRNAs and their role in Alzheimer's disease.

The nuclear factor erythroid-derived 2-related factor 2 (NFE2L2/Nrf2) is a pivotal facilitator of cytoprotective responses against the oxidative/electrophilic insults. Upon activation, Nrf2 induces transcription of a wide range of cytoprotective genes having antioxidant response element (ARE) in their promoter region. Dysfunction in Nrf2 signaling has been linked to the pathogenesis of AD and several studies have suggested that boosting Nrf2 expression/activity by genetic or pharmacological approaches is beneficial in AD.

Protective Effect of Monoisoamyl-2, 3-Dimercaptosuccinic Acid against Manganese-induced Neurotoxicity in Rats.

Background: Apart from being an essential heavy metal, Manganese (Mn) serves as an important component of the antioxidant enzyme system in humans. Overexposure to manganese leads to the development of manganism, which is characterized by motor dysfunction along with neurodegeneration. The management of manganism often utilizes chelation therapy.

Potential therapeutic applications of phytoconstituents as immunomodulators: Pre-clinical and clinical evidences.

Autoimmune and infectious diseases are the major public health issues and have gained great attention in the last few years for the search of new agents with therapeutic benefits on the host immune functions. In recent years, natural products (NPs) have been studied broadly for their multi-targeted activities under pathological conditions. Interestingly, several attempts have been made to outline the immunomodulatory properties of NPs.

In silico Screening of Pyridoxine Carbamates for Anti-Alzheimer's Activities.

Background: Alzheimer's disease (AD), an irreversible complex neurodegenerative disorder, is the most common type of dementia, with progressive loss of cholinergic neurons. Based on the multi-factorial etiology of Alzheimer's disease, novel ligands strategy appears as an up-coming approach for the development of newer molecules against AD. This study is envisaged to investigate anti-Alzheimer's potential of 10 synthesized compounds.

Effect of hesperidin on fluoride-induced neurobehavioral and biochemical changes in rats.

Fluoride is the second largest contaminant of drinking water. Fluoride toxicity is a major concern in the endemic areas where a high amount of fluoride is present in ground water. Oxidative stress has been proposed to be one of the mechanisms of fluoride-induced toxicity.

Modulatory Effect of Serotonergic System in Pentylenetetrazole-Induced Seizures and Associated Memory Deficit: Role of 5-HT and 5-HT.

Background And Purpose: Recent studies have recognised the memory deficit as one of the most common psychiatric issues in the patients with epilepsy, which severely affects the quality of life. Our previous studies have demonstrated the possible involvement of serotonergic system in the pathogenesis of epilepsy and associated memory deficit. The possible involvement of 5-HT and 5-HT receptor has not been explored yet.

Heavy Metal-Induced Cerebral Small Vessel Disease: Insights into Molecular Mechanisms and Possible Reversal Strategies.

Heavy metals are considered a continuous threat to humanity, as they cannot be eradicated. Prolonged exposure to heavy metals/metalloids in humans has been associated with several health risks, including neurodegeneration, vascular dysfunction, metabolic disorders, cancer, etc. Small blood vessels are highly vulnerable to heavy metals as they are directly exposed to the blood circulatory system, which has comparatively higher concentration of heavy metals than other organs.

Role of Flavonoids in Neurodegenerative Diseases: Limitations and Future Perspectives.

Background: Flavonoids, a group of natural dietary polyphenols, are known for their beneficial effects on human health. By virtue of their various pharmacological effects, like anti-oxidative, antiinflammatory, anti-carcinogenic and neuroprotective effects, flavonoids have now become an important component of herbal supplements, pharmaceuticals, medicinals and cosmetics. There has been enormous literature supporting neuroprotective effect of flavonoids.

Role of curcumin and its nanoformulations in neurotherapeutics: A comprehensive review.

Curcumin, a dietary polyphenol and major constituent of Curcuma longa (Zingiberaceae), is extensively used as a spice in Asian countries. For ages, turmeric has been used in traditional medicine systems to treat various diseases, which was possible because of its anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, anticancerous, antiepileptic, antidepressant, immunomodulatory, neuroprotective, antiapoptotic, and antiproliferative effects. Curcumin has potent antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antiapoptotic, neurotrophic activities, which support its plausible neuroprotective effects in neurodegenerative disease.