Differentiating Latent Tuberculosis from Active Tuberculosis Through Activation Phenotypes and Chemokine Markers HLA-DR, CD38, MCP-1, and RANTES: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

Background: Latent TB infection (LTBI) affects one fourth of the global population. Currently, there is an absence of an optimal strategy for distinguishing between active tuberculosis (aTB) and LTBI. While some researchers have explored cytokines other than interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) as biomarkers, results have shown significant variability in their ability to differentiate between these conditions.

Primary intrarenal hemangioma - A series of 39 cases.

Intrarenal hemangiomas lack concise clinicopathologic information, due to the predominance of single case reports and inclusion of other vascular neoplasms and hemangiomas of perirenal, hilar, and renal vein origin. Herein, in this multi-institutional study we evaluate clinicopathologic features of 39 intrarenal hemangiomas. The median age was 62 years (range = 27-94 years; 2:1 male to female ratio), with left-sided predominance (left = 21, right = 13; one case was bilateral).

Prospective validation of ORACLE, a clonal expression biomarker associated with survival of patients with lung adenocarcinoma.

Human tumors are diverse in their natural history and response to treatment, which in part results from genetic and transcriptomic heterogeneity. In clinical practice, single-site needle biopsies are used to sample this diversity, but cancer biomarkers may be confounded by spatiogenomic heterogeneity within individual tumors. Here we investigate clonally expressed genes as a solution to the sampling bias problem by analyzing multiregion whole-exome and RNA sequencing data for 450 tumor regions from 184 patients with lung adenocarcinoma in the TRACERx study.

Assessment of the predictive power the radiation-induced lymphocyte apoptosis method in prostate cancer patients.

Due to the better survival of patients with tumorous diseases, it is increasingly important to predict the side effects of radiotherapy, for which the Radiation-Induced Lymphocyte Apoptosis (RILA) method is proving to be effective in multicentric studies. Prostate cancer is the leading cause of cancer-related deaths among men worldwide, which is usually treated with radiotherapy. We recruited 49 patients with localized prostate cancer and performed RILA measurements before radiotherapy.

Recurrent pneumothoraces caused by a high-grade lung carcinoma with trophoblastic differentiation: a case report.

Gestational trophoblastic neoplasms are tumors that occur during pregnancy, while non-gestational trophoblastic tumors have a similar histology but are present outside of gestation. Literature reports several cases of non-gestational trophoblastic tumors of primary pulmonary origin, which pose diagnostic challenges and are associated with a poor prognosis. This report details a case of somatic high-grade carcinoma with trophoblastic differentiation primarily manifesting in the left lung with recurrent pneumothoraces.

The protein cargo of extracellular vesicles correlates with the epigenetic aging clock of exercise sensitive DNAmFitAge.

Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are implicated in inter-organ communication, which becomes particularly relevant during aging and exercise. DNA methylation-based aging clocks reflect lifestyle and environmental factors, while regular exercise is known to induce adaptive responses, including epigenetic adaptations. Twenty individuals with High-fitness (aged 57.

Theranostics in Renal Cell Carcinoma-A Step Towards New Opportunities or a Dead End-A Systematic Review.

Renal cell carcinoma is one of the most aggressive urogenital malignancies, with an increasing number of cases worldwide. The majority of cases are diagnosed at an advanced stage, as this form of growth is typically silent. An accurate evaluation of the extent of the disease is crucial for selecting the most appropriate treatment approach.

Precision Oncology Approach for Urachal Carcinoma: A Clinical Case Report.

Urachal cancer (UrC) is a rare disease which is mostly diagnosed late due to symptoms caused by its local invasion to the urinary bladder. Given the lack of clinical trials and guideline recommendations for systemic treatment, a molecularly informed precision oncology approach is a viable option for UrC already in the early lines of systemic treatment. While single case experiences may provide valuable reference for later decision-making, well-documented clinical experience with off-label targeted treatments is limited to a few patients.

Tumor-Infiltrating Immune Cells and HLA Expression as Potential Biomarkers Predicting Response to PD-1 Inhibitor Therapy in Stage IV Melanoma Patients.

PD-1 inhibitors are known to be effective in melanoma; however, a considerable proportion of patients fail to respond to therapy, necessitating the identification of predictive markers. We examined the predictive value of tumor cell HLA class I and II expression and immune cell infiltration in melanoma patients treated with PD-1 inhibitors. Pretreatment surgical samples from 40 stage IV melanoma patients were studied immunohistochemically for melanoma cell expression of HLA class I molecules (using four antibody clones with different specificities), HLA-II, and immune cell infiltration (using a panel of 10 markers).

Drug-drug interactions between palbociclib and proton pump inhibitors in early breast cancer: an exploratory analysis of PALLAS (ABCSG-42/AFT-05/BIG-14-13/PrE0109).

Background: Concomitant intake of proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) may create drug-drug interactions, potentially impacting efficacy of anticancer agents. In the phase III PALLAS trial, the addition of palbociclib capsules to standard adjuvant endocrine therapy in patients with hormone receptor-positive, human epidermal growth factor receptor 2-negative early breast cancer did not improve invasive disease-free survival (iDFS). We explored whether concomitant use of PPIs affected survival outcomes in patients treated with palbociclib in PALLAS.

First-line immune-based combinations or sunitinib in favorable-risk metastatic renal cell carcinoma: a real-world retrospective comparison from the ARON-1 study.

Introduction: Renal cell carcinoma (RCC) is one of the most common types of urogenital cancer. The introduction of immune-based combinations, including dual immune-checkpoint inhibitors (ICI) or ICI plus tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs), has radically changed the treatment landscape for metastatic RCC, showing varying efficacy across different prognostic groups based on the International Metastatic RCC Database Consortium (IMDC) criteria.

Materials And Methods: This retrospective multicenter study, part of the ARON-1 project, aimed to evaluate the outcomes of favorable-risk metastatic RCC patients treated with immune-based combinations or sunitinib.

Pulmonary and Medullary Tuberculosis: An Uncommon Cause of Evans Syndrome in Adults.

Evans syndrome (ES) is a rare syndrome characterised by the association of autoimmune idiopathic hemolytic anemia (AIHA) with immune thrombocytopenia (ITP) and, less commonly, autoimmune neutropenia (AIN). ES may be primary or secondary to some aetiology, including, exceptionally, tuberculosis. We describe a case of association between pulmonary and medullary tuberculosis and Evans syndrome with an effective response to antitubercular treatment and corticosteroids.

Unexpected cause of dyspnea: A case of pleomorphic adenoma in the trachea.

Pleomorphic adenoma (PA) is the most common benign histological form of salivary gland tumors, particularly in the parotid gland, primarily affecting women between the ages of 40 and 60. However, its occurrence in the trachea is very rare. This article reports the case of a 48-year-old woman presenting with progressive dyspnea and weight loss, initially suspected of having a pulmonary embolism.

Awareness, Knowledge, and Treatment Patterns of Nonmetastatic Inflammatory Breast Cancer in Low- and Middle-Income Countries: The BRIDGES Study.

Purpose: Trimodal therapy (TMT) is the standard treatment for patients with nonmetastatic inflammatory breast cancer (IBC). TMT consists of neoadjuvant systemic therapy, modified radical mastectomy (MRM), and postmastectomy radiation therapy. Although broadly considered the best approach for IBC, in the United States, only a third of patients receive TMT.

Combination of farnesyl-transferase inhibition with KRAS G12D targeting breaks down therapeutic resistance in pancreatic cancer.

Pancreatic adenocarcinoma is one of the deadliest forms of cancer with no effective therapeutic options. A KRAS mutation can be found in up to 90% of all pancreatic tumors, making it a promising therapeutic target. The introduction of new KRAS inhibitors has been a milestone in the history of KRAS mutant tumors; however, therapeutic resistance limits their efficacy.

Comprehensive Clinical Genetics, Molecular and Pathological Evaluation Efficiently Assist Diagnostics and Therapy Selection in Breast Cancer Patients with Hereditary Genetic Background.

Using multigene panel testing for the diagnostic evaluation of patients with hereditary breast and ovarian cancer (HBOC) syndrome often identifies clinically actionable variants in genes with varying levels of penetrance. High-penetrance genes (, , , , , , ) inform specific clinical surveillance and therapeutic decisions, while recommendations for moderate-penetrance genes (, , , , , , , , , , , ) are more limited. A detailed disease history, including pedigree data, helps formulate the most appropriate and personalised management strategies.

An international survey on the knowledge, attitudes and clinical patterns of use of medical cannabis for cancer care: The TASMAN study.

Background: Medical cannabis (MC) has gained traction in oncology for managing cancer-related symptoms, but its integration faces challenges due to limited evidence, inconsistent guidelines, and varied legal frameworks.

Methods: The TASMAN study aimed to assess the knowledge, attitudes, and practices of oncologists and palliative care providers globally regarding MC use in cancer care. A survey of healthcare providers from diverse regions and income levels was conducted.

Reactive oxygen species: Janus-faced molecules in the era of modern cancer therapy.

Oxidative stress, that is, an unbalanced increase in reactive oxygen species (ROS), contributes to tumor-induced immune suppression and limits the efficacy of immunotherapy. Cancer cells have inherently increased ROS production, intracellularly through metabolic perturbations and extracellularly through activation of NADPH oxidases, which promotes cancer progression. Further increased ROS production or impaired antioxidant systems, induced, for example, by chemotherapy or radiotherapy, can preferentially kill cancer cells over healthy cells.

Cisplatin- or Carboplatin-Based Chemotherapy Plus Pembrolizumab in Advanced Urothelial Cancer: Exploratory Analysis From the Phase 3 KEYNOTE-361 Study.

Introduction: KEYNOTE-361 evaluated first-line pembrolizumab with and without platinum-based chemotherapy versus chemotherapy alone in advanced or metastatic urothelial carcinoma. The primary end points of progression-free survival (PFS) or overall survival (OS) were not met. Exploratory analysis of efficacy by platinum agent (cisplatin or carboplatin) is reported.

Pelvic actinomycosis: A hidden threat mimicking pelvic tumors.

Actinomycosis is a suppurative granulomatous infection caused by the Gram-positive bacillus Actinomyces israelii. It rarely affects the pelvis, but its incidence appears to be increasing, possibly due to the frequent use of intrauterine devices (IUDs). We report the case of a patient with an IUD in place for over 10 years who presented with pelvic pain, general health deterioration, and imaging findings suggesting a neoplastic origin.

Investigating an uncommon cause of cervicobrachial neuralgia: Cervical plexiform neurofibroma.

Plexiform neurofibroma is characterized by diffuse intraneural neoplastic overgrowth involving a long nerve segment, with tortuous expansion of its branches. It is a hallmark of Neurofibromatosis Type 1 (NF1). We report the case of a 36-year-old man with a known diagnosis of NF1, who was admitted for chronic posterior cervical pain and cervicobrachial neuralgia.