The Brussels consensus for non-invasive ICP monitoring when invasive systems are not available in the care of TBI patients (the B-ICONIC consensus, recommendations, and management algorithm).

Background: Invasive systems are commonly used for monitoring intracranial pressure (ICP) in traumatic brain injury (TBI) and are considered the gold standard. The availability of invasive ICP monitoring is heterogeneous, and in low- and middle-income settings, these systems are not routinely employed due to high cost or limited accessibility. The aim of this consensus was to develop recommendations to guide monitoring and ICP-driven therapies in TBI using non-invasive ICP (nICP) systems.

Ancillary tests for brain death.

Background: Ancillary tests are often used in the determination of death by neurologic criteria (DNC), especially when the clinical examination is inconclusive. DNC is widely accepted, as defined by the comprehensive report of the World Brain Death Project. However, there are several medical, legal, religious, ethical, and social controversies.

A Reconsideration of Small Sample Studies and Absence of Equipoise as Ethical Issues in Research.

In studies such as randomized controlled trials (RCTs), ethical requirements, inter alia, are that the study should be powered to detect the smallest clinically significant difference between treatments, and that the treatment groups should be in equipoise at the start of the trial. This article provides examples of circumstances where small sample, potentially underpowered studies may be justifiable, and where RCTs of treatments that are not in equipoise may be considered appropriate. The concepts presented may be extendable from RCTs to other study designs, as well.

Is Charles Bonnet Syndrome a Harbinger of Neurocognitive Disorder With Lewy Bodies? A Clinical Conundrum.

Charles Bonnet syndrome (CBS) is a clinical condition in which patients with visual impairment experience visual hallucinations (VH) in the presence of clear consciousness. It typically occurs in elderly people and confuses clinicians with multiple differential diagnoses due to VH, which can be present in a variety of clinical conditions ranging from psychosis to neurocognitive disorders (eg, neurocognitive disorder with Lewy bodies). In the latter, the concomitant presence of cognitive decline and parkinsonism aids the diagnosis.

Aging and MPTP Sensitivity Depend on Molecular and Ultrastructural Signatures of Astroglia and Microglia in Mice Substantia Nigra.

Both astroglia and microglia show region-specific distribution in CNS and often maladapt to age-associated alterations within their niche. Studies on autopsied substantia nigra (SN) of Parkinson's disease (PD) patients and experimental models propose gliosis as a trigger for neuronal loss. Epidemiological studies propose an ethnic bias in PD prevalence, since Caucasians are more susceptible than non-whites.

Maternal Cannabis Use During Pregnancy and Neuropsychiatric Adverse Outcomes During Childhood and Early Adult Life.

Cannabis use during pregnancy is increasing; the study of adverse outcomes in cannabis-exposed pregnancies is therefore important. Previous articles in this series described increased risks of maternal adverse outcomes, fetal adverse outcomes, birth defects in newborns, and autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in childhood. This article examines neuropsychiatric adverse outcomes in offspring gestationally exposed to cannabis.

Ambivalent partnership of the Drosophila posterior class Hox protein Abdominal-B with Extradenticle and Homothorax.

Hox proteins, a sub-group of the homeodomain (HD) transcription factor family, provide positional information for axial patterning in development and evolution. Hox protein functional specificity is reached, at least in part, through interactions with Pbc (Extradenticle (Exd) in Drosophila) and Meis/Prep (Homothorax (Hth) in Drosophila) proteins. Most of our current knowledge of Hox protein specificity stems from the study of anterior and central Hox proteins, identifying the molecular and structural bases for Hox/Pbc/Meis-Prep cooperative action.

Turning Your Presentations/Posters to Publications.

A scientific manuscript or paper is invariably the ultimate goal of most scientific endeavors and in a majority of cases, the final manuscript often begins as an abstract submitted to a conference to be presented as either a poster or an oral presentation. It is practically possible for authors to use a conference presentation as a basic template to expand and write a complete manuscript. However, it is imperative for authors to acknowledge the limitations of these abstracts and make attempts to improve the quality of work before embarking on writing a full-length manuscript.

A Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry Method to Determine Tramadol Abuse Using Urine Samples.

Background The synthetic opioid tramadol is widely used as a pain reliever. Unlike other opioids, it is used freely worldwide, unaffected by international controls resulting in abuse and accidental intoxication. Analytical methods are necessary to prove tramadol abuse because 30% of the drug is excreted unchanged.

Radiosynthesis of [18F]-flumazenil Using an Isotopic Approach.

Background: Fluorine-18 (F) flumazenil (FMZ) has been synthesized using various precursors, and its role has been explored in imaging Gamma-aminobutyric acid-A receptors.

Aim And Objective: The main objective was to synthesize (F) FMZ using isotopic substitution.

Materials And Methods: Around 18 ± 2 GBq was added to the module, dried, and radiolabeling was standardized with 3.

How depression impacts on road traffic accidents among older adults and elderly Indians: Evidence from large scale nationally representative survey.

Introduction: With increased urbanization the prevalence of important public health problems like road traffic accidents (RTA) and depression are surging. This study was aimed to determine the association between RTA and depression among Indian population aged ≥45 years.

Methods: Using Longitudinal Aging Study in India (LASI) dataset (April 2017-December 2018), we have conducted this study among older adults (45-59 years) and elderly (≥60 years) Indians.

A human induced pluripotent stem cell line, NIMHi016-A, established from fibroblasts of a neuromuscular disease patient carrying PGK1/p. Asn5Lys variant.

PGK1 (phosphoglycerate kinase-1) is required for ATP production in the body. Mutation in the PGK1 gene causes a rare, inherited metabolic disorder causing deficiency of enzyme PGK1, leading to hemolytic anemia, neurological symptoms, and muscle weakness. We generated induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) from a patient carrying a PGK1 variant by isolating fibroblasts from skin punch biopsy and reprogramming using CytoTune iPS 2.

Deep brain stimulation - A primer for psychiatrists.

Deep Brain Stimulation is a form of neurostimulation where electrical stimulation is delivered via intracranial electrodes over specific subcortical targets. It has been increasingly used as an alternative to ablative procedures for psychiatric disorders refractory to standard treatments. This review describes the common psychiatric indications for DBS, the current evidence base, putative mechanisms, and future directions.

Delayed Development of a Giant Cranial Pseudomeningocele After Surgical Excision of a Parasagittal Meningioma: A Case Report.

Pseudomeningoceles are among the most common postoperative neurosurgical complications, usually presenting in the early postoperative period and often responding well to nonsurgical management. Here, we present a case of a giant cranial pseudomeningocele that developed three years after parasagittal meningioma resection, without any known risk factors. Despite conservative measures, the pseudomeningocele grew significantly over two years, reaching 22 cm along its long axis.

Comparison of dexmedetomidine versus fentanyl-based total intravenous anesthesia technique on the requirement of propofol, brain relaxation, intracranial pressure, neuronal injury, and hemodynamic parameters in patients with acute traumatic subdural hematoma undergoing emergency craniotomy: A randomized controlled trial.

Background: Propofol is one of the most used intravenous anesthetic agents in traumatic brain injury (TBI) patients undergoing emergency neurosurgical procedures. Despite being efficacious, its administration is associated with dose-related adverse effects. The use of adjuvants along with propofol aids in limiting its consumption, thereby mitigating the side effects related to propofol usage.

Influences of school climate on emotional health and academic achievement of school-going adolescents in India: a systematic review.

Background: As students spend most of their time in school, a supportive school environment is essential for adolescents' personal growth, effective learning, and well-being. Students actively participate in learning when they feel supported, respected, and connected to their school environment. An unhealthy school climate might significantly influence health-related and educational outcomes during adolescence.

Magnetic resonance imaging in idiopathic inflammatory myopathies: deciphering the pattern of muscle involvement.

Idiopathic inflammatory myopathies (IIMs) constitute a group of immune-mediated disorders, affecting muscles. Our study aims to investigate the specific patterns of muscle involvement in subgroups of IIM. An ambispective and observational study was conducted.

C19orf12 gene variants causing mitochondrial membrane protein-associated neurodegeneration (MPAN).

Mitochondrial membrane protein-associated neurodegeneration (MPAN) is a rare neurodegenerative disorder characterized by spastic paraplegia, parkinsonism and psychiatric and/or behavioral symptoms caused by variants in gene encoding chromosome-19 open reading frame-12 (C19orf12). We present here seven patients from six unrelated families with detailed clinical, radiological, and genetic investigations. Childhood-onset patients predominantly had a spastic ataxic phenotype with optic atrophy, while adult-onset patients were presented with cognitive, behavioral, and parkinsonian symptoms.

Learnings From an Audit of Anesthesia Information Management System for Neurosurgery Operating Room Utilization.

Background: An anesthesia information management system (AIMS) can be used to assess operating room utilization. The aim of this study was to assess neurosurgery OR utilization patterns using an AIMS.

Methods: This retrospective audit was performed at a tertiary neurosciences university hospital over a 1-year period.

Quadrigeminal arachnoid cyst: Factors affecting outcomes and complications in a large series of cases.

Purpose: Arachnoid cysts constitute approximately 1 % of intracranial mass lesions, with quadrigeminal cistern arachnoid cysts being 5-18 % of those. This study presents a series of 31 cases of quadrigeminal cistern arachnoid cysts, constituting the most extensive series reported to date.

Methods: A retrospective analysis was conducted on 31 patients diagnosed with quadrigeminal cistern arachnoid cysts, focusing on clinical presentation, demographics, treatment approaches, and outcomes.