Genetic risk for treatment resistant schizophrenia and corresponding variation in dopamine synthesis capacity and D receptor availability in healthy individuals.

Dysfunction of dopamine systems has long been considered a hallmark of schizophrenia, and nearly all current first-line medication treatments block dopamine D receptors. However, approximately a quarter of patients will not adequately respond to these agents and are considered treatment-resistant. Whereas abnormally high striatal presynaptic dopamine synthesis capacity has been observed in people with schizophrenia, studies of treatment-resistant patients have not shown this pattern and have even found the opposite - i.

Preoperative coagulopathy and blood transfusion requirements in children with intraventricular lesions undergoing neurosurgery: a retrospective cohort study.

Purpose: Pediatric patients undergoing neurosurgery pose risk of perioperative hemorrhage and clotting dysfunction which is increased in tumors with high vascularity, endothelial exposure, and necrosis. Lesions affecting the ventricular system may arise from several etiologies, including rare tumors. The present study aimed to study the preoperative coagulation and transfusion profile of pediatric patients undergoing neurosurgery for intraventricular lesions.

Eye pupils mirror information divergence in approximate inference.

Pupil dilation is considered to track the arousal state linked to a wide range of cognitive processes. A recent article suggested the potential to unify findings in pupillometry studies based on an information theory framework and Bayesian methods. However, Bayesian methods become computationally intractable in many realistic situations.

Clinical Reasoning: Clinical Manifestations and Diagnostic Challenges in a 16-Year-Old With Early-Onset Ataxia.

A 16-year-old adolescent girl presented with progressive walking imbalance, uncoordination of her limbs, impaired proprioceptive sensation distal to her wrists and ankles, and sensorineural hearing loss. Her evaluation revealed diffuse cerebellar atrophy, a demyelinating neuropathy, and hypergonadotropic hypogonadism. In this article, we present a systematic approach to a patient with early-onset ataxia, cerebellar atrophy, and demyelinating neuropathy.

Impact of sending vouchers for a community-based oral screening program on dental service usage promotion among adults: a difference-in-difference analysis.

Background: Community- and evidence-based approaches are essential for improving dental public health. We evaluated the effectiveness of sending vouchers in a community-based oral screening program to encourage dental visits and improve oral health among adults.

Methods: We analyzed the data from April 2014 to March 2019 obtained from administrative claims and screening program databases in Tsukuba City, Japan.

Negative valence in Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder: A worldwide mega-analysis of task-based functional neuroimaging data of the ENIGMA-OCD consortium.

Objective: Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) is associated with altered brain function related to processing of negative emotions. To investigate neural correlates of negative valence in OCD, we pooled fMRI data of 633 individuals with OCD and 453 healthy controls from 16 studies using different negatively-valenced tasks across the ENIGMA-OCD Working-Group.

Methods: Participant data were processed uniformly using HALFpipe, to extract voxelwise participant-level statistical images of one common first-level contrast: negative vs.

Adherence in Evidence-Based Neurotrauma Guidelines: A Worldwide Survey.

Background: Traumatic brain injury (TBI) management guidelines vary across regions and there is limited research on real-world adherence to these guidelines. We conducted a global survey to assess the adherence of neurosurgeons to TBI guidelines and evidence-based medicine (EBM).

Method: A 24-item survey was created using Google Forms, covering demographic information, neurotrauma training, basic knowledge of EBM, surgical and in-hospital management.

Systematic review of parenteral ketamine for managing acute agitation in emergency settings.

Introduction: Agitation, a significant psychiatric issue often linked to conditions like schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, and major depression, invariably pose challenges in emergency settings. Acute agitation occurs in 2.6 % of emergency cases and up to 12.

Care provider's experiences on working with homeless persons with mental illness in institutions: A qualitative study.

Introduction: Homelessness embodies a prevalent societal issue that results in extensive socio-economic ramifications. Residential rehabilitation establishments, including shelters and mental health facilities, offer essential assistance to individuals with insecure housing situations. The healthcare providers within these facilities struggle to effectively tackle the underlying issues faced by homeless individuals, often due to a variety of socio-economic factors.

Maternal Cannabis Use in Pregnancy and Autism Spectrum Disorder or Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder in Offspring.

Up to 10% of women may use cannabis during pregnancy; this is of concern because constituents of cannabis cross the placental barrier and potentially influence neurodevelopment by acting on cannabinoid receptors in the developing fetal brain. In this context, a recent meta analysis of 13 observational studies found that gestational exposure to cannabis was associated with a small increase in the risk of autism spectrum disorder (ASD; relative risk [RR], 1.30) and with an even smaller increase in the risk of attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD; RR, 1.

Autistic trait severity in early schizophrenia: Role in subjective quality of life and social functioning.

Background: Cognitive impairment is a cardinal feature in patients with schizophrenia and leads to poor social functioning. Recently, the treatment of schizophrenia has evolved to include the goal of improving quality of life (QoL). However, most of the factors influencing subjective QoL are unknown.

Development and evaluation of deuterated [F]JHU94620 isotopologues for the non-invasive assessment of the cannabinoid type 2 receptor in brain.

Background: The cannabinoid type 2 receptors (CB2R) represent a target of increasing importance in neuroimaging due to its upregulation under various neuropathological conditions. Previous evaluation of [F]JHU94620 for the non-invasive assessment of the CB2R availability by positron emission tomography (PET) revealed favourable binding properties and brain uptake, however rapid metabolism, and generation of brain-penetrating radiometabolites have been its main limitations. To reduce the bias of CB2R quantification by blood-brain barrier (BBB)-penetrating radiometabolites, we aimed to improve the metabolic stability by developing -d and -d deuterated isotopologues of [F]JHU94620.

Effectiveness of psychosocial intervention and functionality among homeless persons with mental illness.

Background: Homelessness is a deeply ingrained aspect of our culture. It has a detrimental influence on people of all ages' physical and mental well-being, child development, academic success and the establishment and upkeep of families. Homelessness and mental illness have a reciprocal relationship that makes them two interrelated social issues that affect people's ability to function and communities all over the world.

Cross-sectional and longitudinal changes in category-selectivity in visual cortex following pediatric cortical resection.

The topographic organization of category-selective responses in human ventral occipitotemporal cortex (VOTC) and its relationship to regions subserving language functions is remarkably uniform across individuals. This arrangement is thought to result from the clustering of neurons responding to similar inputs, constrained by intrinsic architecture and tuned by experience. We examined the malleability of this organization in individuals with unilateral resection of VOTC during childhood for the management of drug-resistant epilepsy.

Cross-cultural adaption of the computerized assessment of information processing battery (COGNITO) for an Indian longitudinal study on rural elderly.

Introduction: Testing cognitive functions in Indians with low literacy and linguistic diversity is challenging. We describe the adaptation process of a comprehensive neurocognitive test battery to suit both literate and illiterate aging rural Indians.

Methods: Following the International Test Commission (ITC) guidelines for cross-cultural adaptation, we adapted the COGNITO battery.

Single-Nucleus Atlas of Cell-Type Specific Genetic Regulation in the Human Brain.

Genetic risk variants for common diseases are predominantly located in non-coding regulatory regions and modulate gene expression. Although bulk tissue studies have elucidated shared mechanisms of regulatory and disease-associated genetics, the cellular specificity of these mechanisms remains largely unexplored. This study presents a comprehensive single-nucleus multi-ancestry atlas of genetic regulation of gene expression in the human prefrontal cortex, comprising 5.

Enabling electric field model of microscopically realistic brain.

Background: Modeling brain stimulation at the microscopic scale may reveal new paradigms for various stimulation modalities.

Objective: We present the largest map to date of extracellular electric field distributions within a layer L2/L3 mouse primary visual cortex brain sample. This was enabled by the automated analysis of serial section electron microscopy images with improved handling of image defects, covering a volume of 250 × 140 × 90 μm³.

The Systematic Development of a Mobile Phone Delivered Text-messaging Tobacco Cessation Intervention in India.

Introduction: Tobacco consumption is a leading cause of mortality globally. Eighty percent of these deaths occur in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). Despite this, there is a large treatment gap due to both demand and supply-side barriers.