Levofloxacin for the Prevention of Multidrug-Resistant Tuberculosis in Vietnam.

Background: Prevention of drug-resistant tuberculosis is a global health priority. However, trials evaluating the effectiveness of treating infection among contacts of persons with drug-resistant tuberculosis are lacking.

Methods: We conducted a double-blind, randomized, controlled trial comparing 6 months of daily levofloxacin (weight-based doses) with placebo to treat infection.

A newly developed oral infection mouse model of shigellosis for immunogenicity and protective efficacy studies of a candidate vaccine.

infection poses a significant public health challenge in the developing world. However, lack of a widely available mouse model that replicates human shigellosis creates a major bottleneck to better understanding of disease pathogenesis and development of newer drugs and vaccines. BALB/c mice pre-treated with streptomycin and iron (FeCl) plus desferrioxamine intraperitoneally followed by oral infection with virulent resulted in diarrhea, loss of body weight, bacterial colonization and progressive colitis characterized by disruption of epithelial lining, loss of crypt architecture with goblet cell depletion, increased polymorphonuclear infiltration into the mucosa, submucosal swelling (edema), and raised proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines in the large intestine.

Challenges in Toileting Evaluation and Interventions for Children With Cerebral Palsy: A Delphi Study.

Importance: Toileting difficulties have a significant impact on the daily lives of children with cerebral palsy (CP), yet research on this issue remains inadequate. There is a critical need to better understand the challenges health care professionals face in addressing toileting difficulties.

Objective: To explore challenges faced by health care professionals in toileting evaluation and interventions for children with CP ages 6-18 yr.

State-level changes in racial disparities in probation and parole rates in the United States, 2001-2018.

Although the public health field has increasingly studied the collateral consequences of incarceration, we know little about the health consequences of other forms of criminal legal contact, including probation and parole. Understanding spatial and racial-ethnic variation in probation/parole across US states provides new insights into how community supervision impacts population health disparities. However, state-level probation/parole prevalence has not been adequately described.

Rising global burden of anxiety disorders among adolescents and young adults: trends, risk factors, and the impact of socioeconomic disparities and COVID-19 from 1990 to 2021.

Background: Anxiety disorders are among the most prevalent mental health conditions globally, particularly affecting adolescents and young adults (10-24 years), and causing substantial psychological and social impairments. This study analyzed changes in the incidence, prevalence, and disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) of anxiety disorders in this age group from 1990 to 2021, emphasizing the impact of socioeconomic disparities and the COVID-19 pandemic, particularly post-2019.

Methods: Utilizing the Global Burden of Disease(GBD) 2021 data from 204 countries, this study evaluated global trends in anxiety disorders among adolescents and young adults.

Shiftwork and leisure-time physical inactivity (LTPI) among U.S. workers.

Physical inactivity may exacerbate the adverse health effects associated with shift work. We investigated the association of shift work with leisure-time physical inactivity (LTPI). A cross-sectional analysis included 33 983 adults from National Health Interview Survey who self-reported their work schedule and leisure-time physical activity.

Radon exposure as an occupational risk factor for lung cancer in conventional workplaces. An overview.

Introduction: Radon gas has been a declared human carcinogen for more than 30 years and has been causally associated with lung cancer. Studies have shown a linear relationship between residential radon exposure and lung cancer risk.

Areas Covered: Initially, this risk was subjected to cohorts of underground miners and then in case-control studies in the general population.

Quantification of multi-pathway metabolites related to folate metabolism and application in natural population with MTHFR C677T polymorphism.

Folate, serving as a crucial micronutrient, plays an important role in promoting human growth and supporting transformations to a variety of metabolic pathways including one-carbon, pyrimidine, purine, and homocysteine metabolism. The 5,10-methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR) enzyme is pivotal in the folate metabolic pathway. Polymorphism in the MTHFR gene, especially C677T, was associated with decreased enzyme activity and disturbance of folate metabolism, which is linked to various diseases including birth defects in newborns and neural tube abnormalities.

Unveiling spatial clusters of systemic sclerosis mortality in Spain: A comprehensive geographical analysis.

Objectives: This study examined the spatial patterns of systemic sclerosis mortality in Spain from 2003 to 2022, identifying provincial-level clusters and sex-specific differences to explore potential underlying factors.

Methods: Mortality and population data (2003-2022) were sourced from the National Institute of Statistics. Age-standardized mortality rates were calculated, and spatial patterns were analyzed using standardized mortality ratios and smoothed relative risks via the Besag, York, and Mollié model, with statistical inference performed using the Integrated Nested Laplace Approximation (INLA) technique.

Hepatitis B Virus Exposure, Seroprotection Status, and Susceptibility in Health Care Workers From Lao People's Democratic Republic: Cross-Sectional Study.

Background: Despite the high prevalence of chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection in adults in Lao People's Democratic Republic (Lao PDR), Lao health care workers (HCWs) have previously been shown to have low levels of protection against infection. Furthermore, the prevalence of hepatitis D virus (HDV), which increases disease severity in individuals infected with HBV, is not known in Lao PDR.

Objective: This study aimed to estimate the exposure and seroprotection against HBV, as well as exposure to HDV, in Lao HCWs from 5 provinces.

Association between in situ ventilation and human-generated aerosol exposure in meatpacking plants during the COVID-19 pandemic.

During the COVID-19 pandemic, meatpacking workers were disproportionately affected by disease. Large outbreaks at meatpacking facilities resulted in loss of life and threatened the well-being of workers across the globe. Much work was done throughout the pandemic to understand and prevent these outbreaks.

The ETS domain-containing hematopoietic transcription factor PU.1 mediates the induction of arachidonate 5-lipoxygenase by multi-walled carbon nanotubes in macrophages in vitro.

Exposure to fibrogenic multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) induces the production of proinflammatory lipid mediators (LMs) in myeloid cells to instigate inflammation. The molecular underpinnings of LM production in nanotoxicity remain unclear. Here we report that PU.

Work-related Musculoskeletal Disorders among Various Occupational Workers in India: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

Objective: Work-related musculoskeletal disorders (WMSDs) are one of the most common occupational diseases, affecting various sectors such as agriculture, small-scale industries, handicrafts, construction, and banking. These disorders, caused by overexertion and repetitive motion, lead to work absenteeism, productivity loss, and economic impacts. The aim of the study is to determine the magnitude of musculoskeletal disorders among different occupational workers in India.

Low income, being without employment, and living alone: how they are associated with cognitive functioning-Results from the German national cohort (NAKO).

Aim was to investigate to what extent cognitive functioning differs by three socioeconomic conditions: low income, being without employment, and living alone. A total of N = 158,144 participants of the population-based German National Cohort (NAKO) provided data on socioeconomic conditions and completed cognitive tests. Multivariable confounder-adjusted regression analyses indicated that cognitive functioning was lower in those with low income (b = -0.

Ergonomic risk assessment of lifting operations by mud mixing operators at oil rigs.

Oil rigs require mud as a drilling fluid to make boreholes into the earth for crude oil exploration. The operator movements in drilling rigs are repeated bending, lifting of sacks for mud mixing, pushing and/or pulling of sacks and working in hazardous body postures. This study adopts risk assessment tools such as rapid entire body assessment and the revised National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health lifting equation to analyse the risks in postures of the mud mixing operator.

Identification of Predictors of Shift Work Adaptation and Its Association With Immune, Hormonal and Metabolite Biomarkers.

We explored predictors of shift work adaptation and how it relates to disease risk biomarker levels. These analyses included 38 male, rotating shift workers, sampled twice at the end of a 3-week night shift and a 3-week day shift rotation. Participants collected all 24-h urine voids, wore activity sensors, and responded to questionnaires during each shift.

Metabolomics and network pharmacology-guided analysis of TNF-α expression by (Linn) targeting NF-kB the signalling pathway in cancer cell lines.

Introduction: Cancer has emerged as one of the leading causes of fatality all over the world. Phytoconstituents are being studied for their synergistic effects, which include disease prevention by altering molecular pathways and immunomodulation without side effects. The present experiment aims to explore the cancer preventive activities of Linn leaves extract in skin cancer cell lines (A431) and colon cancer cell lines (COLO 320DM)).

The Medico-Legal and Social Aspects of the Eligibility Examination for Enrolment in the Seafarers Registry: A Single-Center Retrospective Study.

Background: Working on board presents unique healthcare challenges for maritime personnel. Italian Law mandates a medical fitness assessment for seafarers registry enrolment. The Port Health Officer assesses seaworthiness and, against this judgment, the applicants can appeal to the First-degree Medical Commission.

Emergency Services During the SARS-CoV-2 Pandemic: A Gender Comparison of Burnout Risk and Personality Traits in the Kharkiv City Sample.

: The SARS-CoV-2 pandemic presented unique challenges to the health-care system and prehospital emergency medical services. An increasing prevalence of burnout has been described, which in turn is associated with mental illness. The aim of this paper was to evaluate burnout through a sex comparison and to analyze associations of burnout with personality traits during the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic.

Association of Social Jetlag with the Dietary Quality Among Korean Workers: Findings from a Nationwide Survey.

Social jetlag, which refers to the misalignment between biological rhythms and social schedule, is linked to an increased risk of metabolic diseases. This cross-sectional study investigated the relationship between social jetlag and workers' dietary quality. : This secondary data analysis included a sample of workers from the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey ( = 11,430).

Toward Standardization of a Lung New Approach Model for Toxicity Testing of Nanomaterials.

This study represents an attempt toward the standardization of pulmonary NAMs and the development of a novel approach for toxicity testing of nanomaterials. Laboratory comparisons are challenging yet essential for identifying existing limitations and proposing potential solutions. Lung cells cultivated and exposed at the air-liquid interface (ALI) more accurately represent the physiology of human lungs and pulmonary exposure scenarios than submerged cell and exposure models.

Stakeholder Views on the Potential Benefits and Feasibility of an Equestrian Industry-Specific Health, Safety and Welfare Management System.

With the growth of the equestrian industry, risk exposure and the obligation to maintain the health, safety, and welfare of humans and horses remain front and centre. As there has been no apparent reduction in non-fatal human horse-related injuries, we asked industry stakeholders to discuss their current management and risk mitigation practices and highlight potential barriers to improving these processes. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with 20 stakeholders from Australian equestrian work- ( = 9) and non-work- ( = 11) related organisations to determine the potential benefits and feasibility of adopting an industry-specific health, safety, and welfare (HSW) management system.

Introducing the OECD guidance document on occupational biomonitoring: A harmonized methodology for deriving occupational biomonitoring levels (OBL).

Derivation of occupational biomonitoring levels (OBLs) is needed to effectively utilize biomonitoring for assessing exposures to chemical substances, and consequently, implement risk reduction measures to reduce health risks among workers. OBLs are the appropriate option for chemical substances that can be absorbed through the skin. This methodology for derivation of OBLs has been developed in collaboration with scientific and regulatory experts from more than 40 institutes in 15 countries within the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) framework.

Honokiol ameliorates silica-induced lung fibrosis by inhibiting macrophage pyroptosis via modulating cGAS/STING signaling.

Silicosis is a life-threatening occupational disease because of inhaling silica dust, leading to chronic inflammation, pyroptosis, and fibrosis. Unfortunately, it is still lacking effective pharmacological intervention currently. Honokiol (HKL), a natural extract with biological activity from Magnolia bark, is known for its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory biological effects.