What We (Don't) Know about the Infectious Disease Burden Among Youth Experiencing Homelessness in the United States and Canada.

Youth experiencing homelessness (YEH) and sexual and gender minority (SGM) YEH may be at increased risk for infectious diseases due to living arrangements, risk behaviors, and barriers to healthcare access that are dissimilar to those of housed youth and older adults experiencing homelessness. To better understand infectious diseases among YEH populations, we synthesized findings from 12 peer-reviewed articles published between 2012 to 2020 which enumerated YEH or SGM YEH infectious disease burden in locations across the U.S.

Lethal carbon monoxide generated from small internal combustion engines.

Fuel-burning small engines have the potential to emit dangerous and potentially lethal concentrations of carbon monoxide when used in poorly ventilated environments. The North Carolina Office of the Chief Medical Examiner investigated seven cases from 2013 to 2020 involving lethal carbon monoxide from small internal combustion engines. Evaluation of percent carboxyhemoglobin saturation was determined in these case studies as ratios of carboxyhemoglobin to reduced hemoglobin, using HP 8453 and Agilent 8454 UV-Visible Spectrophotometers (Agilent Technologies, Santa Clara, CA, USA).

Prevalence and Genetic Diversity of Adenovirus 40/41, Astrovirus, and Sapovirus in Children with Acute Gastroenteritis in Kansas City 2011-2016.

Background: Most U.S. acute gastroenteritis (AGE) episodes in children are attributed to norovirus, whereas very little information is available on adenovirus 40/41 (AdV40/41), astrovirus or sapovirus.

Involuntary displacement and self-reported health in a cross-sectional survey of people experiencing homelessness in Denver, Colorado, 2018-2019.

Background: The number of people experiencing unsheltered homelessness in the U.S. is increasing.

'God is the one who give child': An abductive analysis of barriers to postnatal care using the Health Equity Implementation Framework.

Background: Postnatal care is recommended as a means of preventing maternal mortality during the postpartum period, but many women in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) do not access care during this period. We set out to examine sociocultural preferences that have been portrayed as barriers to care.

Methods: We performed an abductive analysis of 63 semi-structured interviews with women who had recently given birth in three regions of Ethiopia using the Health Equity Implementation Framework (HEIF) and an inductive-deductive codebook to understand why women in Ethiopia do not use recommended postnatal care.

Long-acting reversible contraception use and unmet desire among patients after the Zika Contraception Access Network Program in Puerto Rico.

Objectives: To describe unmet desire for long-acting reversible contraception (LARC) after the Zika Contraception Access Network (Z-CAN) in Puerto Rico during the 2016-2017 Zika outbreak.

Study Design: Z-CAN patients completed surveys about contraception experiences over a 3-year period.

Results: Of 1809 respondents, 3% never used LARC but reported wanting it since their initial visit.

Community-based organizations at the front lines of the COVID-19 pandemic: Strategies for building equitable COVID-19 vaccine uptake and distribution.

The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic highlighted the disproportionate negative health outcomes faced by racial and ethnic minority communities as a result of various factors that affect health equity. In response to the COVID-19 pandemic and the overwhelming disparities within communities, public health agencies have aimed to establish partnerships with community-based organizations (CBOs) to distribute information about COVID-19 to populations expressing vaccine hesitancy, recognizing that they are necessary partners in ensuring and maintaining equitable distribution of resources. In line with the National Foundation for the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC Foundation)'s Health Equity Strategy, the CDC Foundation's Response, Crisis and Preparedness Unit (RCPU) team is responsible for managing the portfolio of more than 110 grants to CBOs across 14 grant opportunities by private and federal funding that supports the COVID-19 response.

Perceptions of the Zika Virus, Contraceptive Access, and Motivation to Participate in the Zika Contraception Access Network Program: Qualitative Analysis of Focusgroup Discussions with Puerto Rican Women.

Objective: During the 2016-2017 Zika virus outbreak in Puerto Rico, the Zika Contraception Access Network (Z-CAN) provided client-centered contraceptive counseling and access to the full range of reversible contraceptive methods at no cost to prevent unintended pregnancies and thereby to reduce Zika-related birth outcomes.

Methods: To understand how Puerto Rican women's perceptions of the Zika virus affected contraceptive decisions and assess how they heard about the Z-CAN program and what influenced their participation, or lack thereof, 24 focus-group discussions were conducted among women of reproductive age who did and did not participate in Z-CAN.

Results: Women who participated in the discussions often had heard about Z-CAN from their physician or friends; non-participants had heard about Z-CAN from Facebook or friends.

Twenty-five year occupational homicide mortality trends in North Carolina: 1992-2017.

Introduction: Determining industry of decedents and victim-perpetrator relationships is crucial to inform and evaluate occupational homicide prevention strategies. In this study, we examine occupational homicide rates in North Carolina (NC) by victim characteristics, industry and victim-perpetrator relationship from 1992 to 2017.

Methods: Occupational homicides were identified from records of the NC Office of the Chief Medical Examiner system and the NC death certificates.

Importance of Public and Private Partnership Supporting Data Disaggregation to Measure Racial, Sexual Orientation, and Gender Identity Disparities in COVID-19.

The COVID-19 pandemic has exposed shortcomings in the US public health data system infrastructure, including incomplete or disparate processes related to data collection, management, sharing, and analysis. Public health data modernization is critical to ensure health equity is at the core of preparedness and response efforts and policies that prioritize equitable responses to health emergencies. To address the inequitable uptake and distribution of COVID-19 vaccinations in communities most disproportionately impacted by the pandemic, the CDC Foundation's Response Crisis and Preparedness Unit began partnering with community-based organizations in March 2021 to provide education and outreach and facilitate access to vaccines.

Population-Level Health Effects of Involuntary Displacement of People Experiencing Unsheltered Homelessness Who Inject Drugs in US Cities.

Importance: At least 500 000 people in the US experience homelessness nightly. More than 30% of people experiencing homelessness also have a substance use disorder. Involuntary displacement is a common practice in responding to unsheltered people experiencing homelessness.

An intra-action review conducted by the CDC Foundation during COVID-19 to evaluate emergency response procedures.

Objectives: During times of emergency response, the CDC Foundation leverages partnerships and relationships to better understand the situation and respond rapidly to save lives. As the COVID-19 pandemic began to unfold, an opportunity became clear to improve our work in emergency response through documentation of lessons learned and incorporating them into best practices.

Study Design: This was a mixed methods study.

Addressing immediate public health needs as part of Afghan evacuees' resettlement to the United States during the COVID-19 pandemic.

Objectives: Since the removal of US troops from Afghanistan in 2021, the United States welcomed Afghan evacuees through Operation Allies Welcome. Using cell phone accessibility, the CDC Foundation worked with public-private partners to protect evacuees from the spread of COVID-19 and provide accessibility to resources.

Study Design: This was a mixed methods study.

Timing and genotype distribution of symptomatic and asymptomatic sapovirus infections and re-infections in a Nicaraguan birth cohort.

Objectives: To characterize the timing and genotype distribution of symptomatic and asymptomatic sapovirus infections and re-infections in a Nicaraguan birth cohort.

Methods: Infants (N = 444) were enrolled at 10-14 days of life and observed weekly until 2 years of age. Stool samples were collected for each acute gastroenteritis (AGE) episode, and routine stool samples were collected monthly.

Tobacco use profiles by respiratory disorder status for adults in the wave 1-wave 4 population assessment of tobacco and health (PATH) study.

Limited evidence exists on the association between electronic nicotine delivery systems (ENDS) and chronic respiratory disorders. This study examines the association of combustible tobacco and ENDS use with chronic respiratory disorders among US adults. Public-use data from the Population Assessment of Tobacco and Health (PATH) Study Wave 1 (2013-2014), Wave 2 (2014-2015), Wave 3 (2015-2016), and Wave 4 (2016-2018) were pooled.

A Longitudinal Analysis of Respiratory Illness and Tobacco Use Transitions.

Introduction: Among individuals with chronic respiratory conditions, transitions between patterns of tobacco product use are not well understood. This study examines how transitions, including quitting altogether, differ over time between those who do and do not have chronic respiratory conditions.

Methods: Data from youth and adult participants of the longitudinal Population Assessment of Tobacco and Health Study (2013-2018) were analyzed.

COVID-19 Vaccine Acceptability Among People Experiencing Homelessness in Central Florida and Southern Nevada, March-June 2021.

Context: Understanding COVID-19 vaccine acceptability among people experiencing homelessness is critical to improve vaccine coverage during the COVID-19 pandemic. Little is known about COVID-19 vaccine acceptability people experiencing unsheltered homelessness (PEUH).

Objective: To identify and describe motivators for receiving a COVID-19 vaccine and reasons for hesitancy, information sources utilized and trusted for vaccine decision making, logistical barriers to receiving vaccination, and what might increase comfortability to receive a COVID-19 vaccination among PEUH.

Teachers' dissatisfaction during the COVID-19 pandemic: Factors contributing to a desire to leave the profession.

Introduction: The COVID-19 pandemic required more responsibilities from teachers, including implementing prevention strategies, changes in school policies, and managing their own mental health, which yielded higher dissatisfaction in the field.

Methods: A cross-sectional web survey was conducted among educators to collect information on their experiences teaching during the COVID-19 pandemic throughout the 2020-2021 academic year. Qualtrics, an online survey platform, fielded the survey from May 6 to June 8, 2021 to a national, convenience sample of 1,807 respondents.

Community Perspectives on Contraception in the Context of Zika Virus in American Samoa and the Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands.

The prevention of unintended pregnancy was identified as a primary prevention strategy to reduce Zika-related adverse birth outcomes during the 2016-2017 Zika virus outbreak. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention in partnership with local health agencies conducted formative research to guide the development of culturally appropriate messages and materials to increase awareness of the prevention of unintended pregnancy as a strategy to decrease Zika-related adverse outcomes in American Samoa and the Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (CNMI). Nine focus groups (N=71) were conducted with women and men aged 18-44 years living in American Samoa and CNMI.

Incidence of typhoid and paratyphoid fever in Bangladesh, Nepal, and Pakistan: results of the Surveillance for Enteric Fever in Asia Project.

Background: Precise enteric fever disease burden data are needed to inform prevention and control measures, including the use of newly available typhoid vaccines. We established the Surveillance for Enteric Fever in Asia Project (SEAP) to inform these strategies.

Methods: From September, 2016, to September, 2019, we conducted prospective clinical surveillance for Salmonella enterica serotype Typhi (S Typhi) and Paratyphi (S Paratyphi) A, B, and C at health facilities in predetermined catchment areas in Dhaka, Bangladesh; Kathmandu and Kavrepalanchok, Nepal; and Karachi, Pakistan.

Enhanced surveillance for adverse events following immunization during the 2019 typhoid conjugate vaccine campaign in Harare, Zimbabwe.

Background: During February 25-March 4, 2019, Zimbabwe's Ministry of Health and Child Care conducted an emergency campaign using 342,000 doses of typhoid conjugate vaccine (TCV) targeting individuals 6 months-15 years of age in eight high-risk suburbs of Harare and up to 45 years of age in one suburb of Harare. The campaign represented the first use of TCV in Africa outside of clinical trials.

Methods: Three methods were used to capture adverse events during the campaign and for 42 days following the last dose administered: (1) active surveillance in two Harare hospitals, (2) national passive surveillance, and (3) a post-campaign coverage survey.

Hygienic monitoring in long-term care facilities using ATP, crAssphage, and human noroviruses to direct environmental surface cleaning.

Background: Norovirus and C. difficile are associated with diarrheal illnesses and deaths in long-term care (LTC) facilities and can be transmitted by contaminated environmental surfaces. Hygienic monitoring tools such as adenosine triphosphate (ATP) bioluminescence and indicators of fecal contamination can help to identify LTC facility surfaces with cleaning deficiencies.

Economic evaluation of Zika Contraception Access Network in Puerto Rico during the 2016-17 Zika virus outbreak.

Objective: During the 2016-2017 Zika virus (ZIKV) outbreak, the prevention of unintended pregnancies was identified as a primary strategy to prevent birth defects. This study estimated the cost-effectiveness of the Zika Contraception Access Network (Z-CAN), an emergency response intervention that provided women in Puerto Rico with access to the full range of reversible contraception at no cost and compared results with a preimplementation hypothetical cost-effectiveness analysis (CEA).

Study Design: We evaluated costs and outcomes of Z-CAN from a health sector perspective compared to no intervention using a decision tree model.

The COVID-19 Pandemic: Effects on Civil Registration of Births and Deaths and on Availability and Utility of Vital Events Data.

The complex and evolving picture of COVID-19-related mortality highlights the need for data to guide the response. Yet many countries are struggling to maintain their data systems, including the civil registration system, which is the foundation for detailed and continuously available mortality statistics. We conducted a search of country and development agency Web sites and partner and media reports describing disruptions to the civil registration of births and deaths associated with COVID-19 related restrictions.