Antimicrobial resistance genes and associated mobile genetic elements in Escherichia coli from human, animal and environment.

The global rise of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) poses a significant threat to human health. The environment plays an essential role in transmission of antimicrobial resistance genes (ARGs) between human and animal. Bacterial communities harbour diverse ARGs, carried by mobile genetic elements (MGEs) like plasmids and insertion sequences (ISs).

Novel Interacting Partners of MGP-40, a Chitinase-Like Protein in Buffalo Mammary Epithelial Cells.

Mammary Gland Protein-40 (MGP-40), also known as chitinase-3-like protein 1 (CHI3L1), is involved in critical biological processes such as inflammation, tissue remodeling, and cell proliferation, especially during the involution phase of the mammary gland. This study aimed to explore the molecular mechanisms of MGP-40 by identifying its novel interacting partners in buffalo mammary epithelial cells (BuMECs). Stable overexpression of MGP-40 in BuMECs was achieved through transfection with the pCIneo-MGP-40 vector, followed by G418 selection and confirmation by Western blot analysis.

The Synergistic and Chimeric Mechanism of Bacteriophage Endolysins: Opportunities for Application in Biotherapeutics, Food, and Health Sectors.

A major growing concern in the human and animal health sector is the emergence of antibiotic-resistant pathogenic bacteria due to the indiscriminate use of antibiotics. The exogenous application of bacteriophage endolysins causes abrupt lysis of the bacterial cell wall, which computes them as alternatives to antibiotics. Although naturally occurring endolysins may display limitations in solubility, lytic activity, and narrow lytic spectrum, novel strategies like developing chimeric endolysins and using endolysins in synergism with other antimicrobial agents are required to improve the lytic activity of natural endolysins.

Aquaporin (AQP) gene family in Buffalo and Goat: Molecular characterization and their expression analysis.

Aquaporins (AQPs) are essential membrane proteins facilitating water and small solute transport across cell membranes. Mammals have approximately 13 paralogs of AQPs that may have evolved through gene duplication events. These genes are present in two separate clusters within the genome.

Genomic insights into adaptation and inbreeding among Sub-Saharan African cattle from pastoral and agropastoral systems.

Background: In Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA), cattle are crucial for socioeconomic stability yet face numerous environmental stressors such as diseases, parasites, and extreme heat within pastoral and agropastoral systems. Despite their significance, gaps remain in understanding how genetic diversity and inbreeding influence traits essential for disease resistance and environmental adaptability. This study examines the genomic adaptations that enable SSA cattle to thrive under these conditions and assesses the impact of inbreeding on such adaptive traits.

Characterization and expression profiling of buffalo IFN-lambda family.

Interferon lambda (IFN-λ) is an important type III interferon triggered mainly by viral infection. IFN-λ binds to their heterodimeric receptors and signals through JAK-STAT pathways similar to type I IFN. In this study, we deduced the buffalo IFN-λ sequences through the polymerase chain reaction, and then studied IFN-λ's expression patterns in different tissues, and post induction with poly I:C and live MRSA using RT-qPCR.

Antimicrobial and antibiofilm effect of cannabinoids from Cannabis sativa against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) causing bovine mastitis.

Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) poses a serious threat to human, animal, and plant health on a global scale. Search and elimination techniques should be used to effectively counter the spread of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) infections. With only a few novel drugs in clinical development, the quest for plant-based alternatives to prevent the spread of antibiotic resistance among bacteria has accelerated.

Does calf-mother contact during heat stress period affect physiology and performance in buffaloes?

Objective: Objective of the study was to reduce heat stress in Murrah buffaloes and maintain their milk production and other vital functions during heat stress.

Methods: A total of 21 dyads of calf-mother Murrah buffalo were selected for the study and equally divided in 3 treatment groups. First treatment group was restricted calf contact (RCC), second treatment group was fence line calf contact (FCC) and third treatment groups fence line calf contact and heat stress protection (FCC-HSP [time-controlled fan-fogger system] in the shed).

Characterization of runs of Homozygosity revealed genomic inbreeding and patterns of selection in indigenous sahiwal cattle.

Runs of homozygosity (ROH) are contiguous genomic regions, homozygous across all sites which arise in an individual due to the parents transmitting identical haplotypes to their offspring. The genetic improvement program of Sahiwal cattle after decades of selection needs re-assessment of breeding strategy and population phenomena. Hence, the present study was carried out to optimize input parameters in PLINK for ROH estimates, to explore ROH islands and assessment of pedigree and genome-based inbreeding in Sahiwal cattle.

A synonymous single nucleotide polymorphism (g.36417726C > A) in the Lama2 gene influencing fat deposition is associated with post-partum anestrus interval in Murrah buffalo.

Postpartum absence of estrus exhibition known as postpartum anestrus interval (PPAI) for more than 90 days after calving is a concerning issue for dairy buffalo farmers' economy. The PPAI duration is influenced by both management practices and animal genetics. Investigating genetic markers associated with PPAI is crucial for incorporating them into marker-assisted selection programs.

Comparative assessment of the effective population size and linkage disequilibrium of Karan Fries cattle revealed viable population dynamics.

Objective: Karan Fries (KF), a high-producing composite cattle was developed through crossing indicine Tharparkar cows with taurine bulls (Holstein Friesian, Brown Swiss, and Jersey), to increase the milk yield across India. This composite cattle population must maintain sufficient genetic diversity for long-term development and breed improvement in the coming years. The level of linkage disequilibrium (LD) measures the influence of population genetic forces on the genomic structure and provides insights into the evolutionary history of populations, while the decay of LD is important in understanding the limits of genome-wide association studies for a population.

Expression and characterization of novel chimeric endolysin CHAPk-SH3bk against biofilm-forming methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus.

The continuous evolution of antibiotic resistance in methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) due to the misuse of antibiotics lays out the need for the development of new antimicrobials with higher activity and lower resistance. In this study, we have expressed novel chimeric endolysin CHAPk-SH3bk derived from LysK to investigate its antibacterial activity against planktonic and biofilm-forming MRSA. The molecular docking and MD simulation results identified critical amino acids (ASP47, ASP56, ARG71, and Gly74) of CHAPk domain responsible for its catalytic activity.

Adaptive Selection in the Evolution of Aquaglyceroporins in Mammals.

Aquaporins (AQPs) are integral membrane proteins responsible for water transport across cellular membranes in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes. A subfamily of AQPs, known as aquaglyceroporins (AQGPs), facilitate the transport of small solutes such as glycerol, water, and other solutes across cellular membranes. These proteins are involved in a variety of physiological processes, such as organogenesis, wound healing, and hydration.

Evaluation of Virulence, Antimicrobial Resistance and Biofilm Forming Potential of Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) Isolates from Bovine Suspected with Mastitis.

Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is a pathogen that poses a significant threat in cases of chronic mastitis in dairy animals. The ability of MRSA to persist in the host is attributed to various virulence factors, genes encoding surface adhesins, and determinants of antibiotic resistance, which provide it a survival advantage. This investigation focused to determine the virulence factors, antimicrobial resistance (AMR) profile and biofilm production potential of 46 MRSA isolates from 300 bovine mastitis milk samples.

Probiotic lactobacilli mediate their immunoregulatory functions in intestinal cells via modulation of H3 histone acetylation.

Aims: Probiotics are known to maintain intestinal homeostasis through the regulation of the immune response of the host. Hence, the role of histone modifications as epigenetic agents on immune modulations by potential probiotic bacteria has been investigated.

Methods And Results: Human colonic epithelial cells (Caco-2) pre-treated with class I histone deacetylase (HDAC) specific inhibitor, MS-275, were incubated either with potential probiotic bacteria (Limosilactobacillus fermentum MTCC 5898 and Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus MTCC 5897) or Escherichia coli (ATCC 14948) as an inflammatory agent.

Strain-specific effects of probiotic Lactobacilli on mRNA expression of epigenetic modifiers in intestinal epithelial cells.

The epigenome of an organism is as important as the genome for the normal development and functioning of an individual. The human epigenome can be affected by various environmental factors including nutrients, microbiota and probiotics through epigenetic modifiers and mediates various health-promoting effects. The present study was aimed to explore the temporal changes in DNA and histone modifiers (DNMT1, TET2, p300, HDAC1, KMT2A, KDM5B, EzH2 and JMJD3) in intestinal epithelial cells (Caco-2) by probiotic lactobacilli (Limosilactobacillus fermentum MTCC 5898 and Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus MTCC 5897) in comparison to opportunistic commensal pathogen Escherichia coli (ATCC 14849).

Global epidemiology of CTX-M-type β-lactam resistance in human and animal.

CTX-M ESBL are widely found in animal and human infections. For better understanding of CTX-M variations and epidemiology, a total of 2210 CTX-M sequences were retrieved from NCBI as at 20 December 2020. The maximum incidences of CTX-M were reported in China (n = 508), USA (n = 354) and Japan (n = 180).

Genetic admixture and population structure analysis of Indian water buffaloes (Bubalus bubalis) using STR markers.

Background: India has a vast riverine and swamp buffalo diversity adapted to various agro-ecological conditions. In the present study, genetic diversity data for 10 different buffalo populations of India, using 20 highly polymorphic microsatellite markers has been generated for the genetic diversity analysis. The buffalo populations of Eastern Odisha state, were the primary focus.

Role of probiotics in ruminant nutrition as natural modulators of health and productivity of animals in tropical countries: an overview.

Given the ever-growing population in the developing countries located in the tropics of Asia, Africa, South America, and the Caribbean, the demand for products of animal origin has increased. Probiotics have proven to be a substantial substitute for antibiotics used in the animal diet and thus gained popularity. Probiotics are live and non-pathogenic microbes commercially utilized as modulators of gut microflora, hence exerting advantageous effects on the health and productivity of animals in tropical countries.

Quick hassle-free detection of cyprinid herpesvirus 2 (CyHV-2) in goldfish using recombinase polymerase amplification-lateral flow dipstick (RPA-LFD) assay.

Cyprinid herpesvirus 2 (CyHV-2) is the etiological agent of herpesviral hematopoietic necrosis disease (HVHND), which causes severe mortality in ornamental goldfish (), crucian carp (), and gibel/prussian carp (). Quick and hassle-free point-of-care detection of CyHV-2 is vital for the maintenance of ornamental fish health. In this manuscript, we describe the development of a rapid and sensitive RPA (recombinase polymerase amplification) assay, coupled with lateral flow dipsticks (LFD), that can achieve sensitive diagnosis of CyHV-2 in goldfish within 20 min at 36 °C with the satisfactory detection limit of 10 gene copies per reaction.

Antimicrobials use and their indications in dairy farm and individual farmer production conditions in southern India.

Antimicrobials use (AMU) is the key driver for development of antimicrobials resistant (AMR) pathogen in human and veterinary medicines. Therefore, understanding AMU pattern is prerequisite for focused intervention on AMR. The aim of this study was to understand the AMU pattern and their indications in dairy farm and individual farmer production conditions in southern India.

Aptamers based sensing of pregnancy associated glycoproteins (PAG) of bovine for early pregnancy detection.

Tosyl activated magnetic beads were used for aptamer selection against PAG- 7 and 18 proteins of bovine origin. PAG proteins were immobilized on beads with further addition of biotin tagged aptamer library. The recognition of aptamers with PAG was identified by ST-HRP based approach which was colorimetric in nature.

Virulence and enterotoxin gene profile of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus isolates from bovine mastitis.

Bovine mastitis is a major infectious disease affecting dairy animals resulting in enormous economic losses, prolonged antibiotic treatment, reduced milk yield and death of livestock. Emergence of Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) among bovine mastitis is matter of concern for animal health and dairy industry. The present study was conducted to detect the distribution of virulence and enterotoxin genes among MRSA isolates from bovine mastitis.