The associations of BMI with mean diffusivity of basal ganglia among young adults with mild obesity and without obesity.

Obesity causes a wide range of systemic diseases and is associated with mood and anxiety disorders. It is also associated with dopaminergic reward system function. However, the relationships between microstructural properties of the dopaminergic system and body mass index (BMI) have not been investigated.

An acute bout of swimming increases post-exercise energy intake in young healthy men and women.

Single bouts of land-based exercise (for example, walking, running, cycling) do not typically alter post-exercise energy intake on the day of exercise. However, anecdotal and preliminary empirical evidence suggests that swimming may increase appetite and energy intake. This study compared the acute effects of swimming on appetite, energy intake, and food preference and reward, versus exertion-matched cycling and a resting control.

Oral Mucosa Tissue Equivalents for the Treatment of Limbal Stem Cell Deficiency.

Cultured limbal and oral epithelial cells have been successfully used to treat patients with limbal stem cell deficiency (LSCD). The most common culture method for these cell therapies utilizes amniotic membrane as a cell support and/or murine 3T3s as feeder fibroblasts. The aim of this study is to refine the production of autologous oral mucosal cell therapy for the treatment of LSCD.

The reliability and feasibility of non-contrast adenosine stress cardiovascular magnetic resonance T1 mapping in patients on haemodialysis.

Background: Identifying coronary artery disease (CAD) in patients with end-stage renal disease (ESRD) is challenging. Adenosine stress native T1 mapping with cardiovascular magnetic resonance (CMR) may accurately detect obstructive CAD and microvascular dysfunction in the general population. This study assessed the feasibility and reliability of adenosine stress native T1 mapping in patients on haemodialysis.

Screen-time during the after-school period: A contextual perspective.

Sedentary screen-time is an increasingly prevalent behaviour, associated with a range of adverse health outcomes. Sedentary time and screen-use increase during adolescence, making this age group a prime target for behaviour change interventions. Better understanding the context in which sedentary screen-behaviours occur is important for ensuring future interventions have maximum impact.

Correction to: Energy replacement diminishes the postprandial triglyceride‑lowering effect from accumulated walking in older women.

The original version of this article unfortunately contained a mistake. The error of NEFA AUC values in first (mean and 95% CI) and the main text (effect size and 95% CI).

Stand Out in Class: restructuring the classroom environment to reduce sitting time - findings from a pilot cluster randomised controlled trial.

Background: Excessive sedentary behaviour (sitting) is a risk factor for poor health in children and adults. Incorporating sit-stand desks in the classroom environment has been highlighted as a potential strategy to reduce children's sitting time. The primary aim of this study was to examine the feasibility of conducting a cluster randomised controlled trial (RCT) of a sit-stand desk intervention within primary school classrooms.

Anticipation of 24 h severe energy restriction increases energy intake and reduces physical activity energy expenditure in the prior 24 h, in healthy males.

Intermittent fasting involves alternating between severely restricted and unrestricted energy intake. Physical activity energy expenditure (PAEE) is reduced during, and energy intake is elevated after, a period of energy restriction, but whether these are altered in anticipation of energy restriction is unknown. The aim of this study was to assess energy intake and PAEE in the 24 h before severe energy restriction.

High intensity interval exercise increases the frequency of peripheral PD-1+ CD8 central memory T-cells and soluble PD-L1 in humans.

Exercise can exert anti-inflammatory effects in an intensity-dependent manner; however, the mechanisms mediating these effects are continually being established. Programme Death Receptor-1 (PD-1) is a membrane bound receptor that maintains immune tolerance by dampening immune cell interactions, such as those mediated by cytotoxic T-cell lymphocytes (CD8). The aim of this study was to characterise sub-populations of CD8 T-cells with regards to their expression of PD-1 before and immediately after exercise.

Energy replacement diminishes the postprandial triglyceride-lowering effect from accumulated walking in older women.

Purpose: Dietary replacement of an acute exercise-induced energy deficit offsets the postprandial triglyceride (TG)-lowering effect of exercise in young boys and middle-aged men. It is unclear whether these findings are observed when exercise is accumulated in older adults. This study examined the effect of accumulating short bouts of exercise, with and without dietary replacement of an exercise-induced energy deficit, on postprandial TG in older women.

Viscous placebo and carbohydrate breakfasts similarly decrease appetite and increase resistance exercise performance compared with a control breakfast in trained males.

Given the common view that pre-exercise nutrition/breakfast is important for performance, the present study investigated whether breakfast influences resistance exercise performance via a physiological or psychological effect. Twenty-two resistance-trained, breakfast-consuming men completed three experimental trials, consuming water-only (WAT), or semi-solid breakfasts containing 0 g/kg (PLA) or 1·5 g/kg (CHO) maltodextrin. PLA and CHO meals contained xanthan gum and low-energy flavouring (approximately 122 kJ), and subjects were told both 'contained energy'.

Change in V˙O in Response to Aerobic Exercise Training and the Relationship With Exercise Prescription in People With COPD: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis.

Background: Despite the wide-ranging benefits of pulmonary rehabilitation, conflicting results remain regarding whether people with COPD can improve their peak oxygen uptake (V˙O with aerobic training.

Research Question: The goal of this study was to investigate the effect of aerobic training and exercise prescription on V˙O in COPD.

Study Design And Methods: A systematic review was performed by using MEDLINE, Embase, Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature, and Cochrane databases for all studies measuring V˙O prior to and following supervised lower-limb aerobic training in COPD.

Pulse Wave Velocity Is Associated with Increased Plasma oxLDL in Ageing but Not with FGF21 and Habitual Exercise.

Fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) and adiponectin increase the expression of genes involved in antioxidant pathways, but their roles in mediating oxidative stress and arterial stiffness with ageing and habitual exercise remain unknown. We explored the role of the FGF21-adiponectin axis in mediating oxidative stress and arterial stiffness with ageing and habitual exercise. Eighty age- and sex-matched healthy individuals were assigned to younger sedentary or active (18-36 years old, = 20 each) and older sedentary or active (45-80 years old, = 20 each) groups.

Psychometric proprieties of the Test of Gross Motor Development-Third Edition in a large sample of Italian children.

Objectives: The Test of Gross Motor Development-3 (TGMD-3) evaluates fundamental gross motor skills across two domains: locomotor and ball skills. This study aimed to perform a full psychometric assessment of this test in a large sample of Italian pre- and primary school children.

Design: Cross-sectional and test-retest study design.

Health-related quality of life and flourishing in current and former recreational and elite cricketers.

Background: Health related quality of life (HRQoL) and flourishing are constructs that encompasses a holistic representation of physical, psychological, and social health. The underlying psychological factors that can affect HRQoL and flourishing in sports participants is poorly understood. The purpose of this study was to i) evaluate HRQoL (physical and mental-components) and flourishing in recreational and elite and current and former cricketers; ii) determine the effect of resilience, playing-standard, and playing status on HRQoL and flourishing in cricketers.

Playing sport injured is associated with osteoarthritis, joint pain and worse health-related quality of life: a cross-sectional study.

Background: Sports participants are faced with the decision to continue or cease play when injured. The implications of playing sport while injured on joint health and health-related quality of life (HRQoL) has not been investigated. The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between having played sport while injured and HRQoL, osteoarthritis, and persistent joint pain; and compare findings in elite and recreational cricketers.

Does cardiac rehabilitation for people with stroke in the sub-acute phase of recovery lead to physical behaviour change? Results from compositional analysis of accelerometry-derived data.

Objectives: Does adapted cardiac rehabilitation (CR) improve the physical behaviours of people with mild-to-moderate stroke in the sub-acute recovery phase using a compositional data analysis (CoDA) approach?

Design: Before-after.

Setting: University Hospitals of Leicester, Glenfield Hospital, UK.

Participants: 24 individuals completed CR and provided valid physical activity (PA) data (mean (SD) 63.

Severely restricting energy intake for 24 h does not affect markers of bone metabolism at rest or in response to re-feeding.

Purpose: Intermittent energy restriction commonly refers to ad libitum energy intake punctuated with 24 h periods of severe energy restriction. This can improve markers of metabolic health but the effects on bone metabolism are unknown. This study assessed how 24 h severe energy restriction and subsequent refeeding affected markers of bone turnover.

Intraarticular injection of bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells enhances regeneration in knee osteoarthritis.

Purpose: This review aimed to evaluate the efficacy of intra-articular injections of bone marrow derived mesenchymal stem cells (BM-MSCs) for the treatment of knee osteoarthritis (KOA).

Methods: This narrative review evaluates recent English language clinical data and published research articles between 2014 and 2019. Key word search strings of ((("bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cell" OR "bone marrow mesenchymal stromal cell" OR "bone marrow stromal cell")) AND ("osteoarthritis" OR "knee osteoarthritis")) AND ("human" OR "clinical"))) AND "intra-articular injection" were used to identify relevant articles using PMC, Cochrane Library, Web Of Science and Scopus databases.

Characterising hyperinsulinemia-induced insulin resistance in human skeletal muscle cells.

Hyperinsulinaemia potentially contributes to insulin resistance in metabolic tissues, such as skeletal muscle. The purpose of these experiments was to characterise glucose uptake, insulin signalling and relevant gene expression in primary human skeletal muscle-derived cells (HMDCs), in response to prolonged insulin exposure (PIE) as a model of hyperinsulinaemia-induced insulin resistance. Differentiated HMDCs from healthy human donors were cultured with or without insulin (100 nM) for 3 days followed by an acute insulin stimulation.

The role of growth and maturation during adolescence on team-selection and short-term sports participation.

Background: During adolescence, deselection from sport occurs during team try-outs when month of birth, stage of growth and maturation may influence selection.

Aim: The purpose of this study was to identify differences in growth and maturity related factors between those selected and deselected in youth sports teams and identify short-term associations with continued participation.

Subjects And Methods: Eight hundred and seventy participants, aged 11-17 years, were recruited from six sports try-outs in Saskatchewan, Canada: baseball, basketball, football, hockey, soccer and volleyball.