[Spatial-temporal analysis on pulmonary tuberculosis in Beijing during 2005-2015].

To analyze the spatial distribution and identify the high risk areas of pulmonary tuberculosis at the township level in Beijing during 2005-2015. Data on pulmonary tuberculosis cases was collected from the tuberculosis information management system. Global autocorrelation analysis, local indicators of spatial association and Kulldorff's Scan Statistics were applied to map the spatial distribution and detect the space-time clusters of the pulmonary tuberculosis cases during 2005-2015.

McSpoligotyping, a One-Step Melting Curve Analysis-Based Protocol for Spoligotyping of Mycobacterium tuberculosis.

The direct repeat (DR) region in the (MTB) genome is composed of highly polymorphic direct variant repeats, which are the basis of spacer oligonucleotide typing (spoligotyping) to study the population structure and epidemiology of However, the membrane hybridization-based detection format requires various post-PCR manipulations and is prone to carryover contamination, restricting its wide use in high-TB-burden and resource-limited countries. We developed a one-step spoligotyping protocol, termed McSpoligotyping, based on real-time PCR. The typing results can be generated within 3 h by a single step of DNA addition.

Characteristics of distribution of Mycobacterium tuberculosis lineages in China.

The genotyping methods of Mycobacterium tuberculosis would dramatically improve our understanding of the molecular epidemiology of tuberculosis. 3,929 isolates, from a National Survey of Drug-Resistant Tuberculosis in 2007 in China, were successfully genotyped by large sequence polymorphisms and 15 loci variable number tandem repeats. We found that 2,905 (2,905/3,929, 73.

Clinical outcome of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis patients receiving standardized second-line treatment regimen in China.

Objectives: The aim of this study was to retrospectively analyze the clinical outcome and the risk factors associated with poor outcome of MDR-TB patients receiving standardized second-line treatment regimen in China.

Methods: Between January 2008 and December 2010, a total of 12,100 clinical diagnosed TB cases at high risk of drug-resistant TB (DR-TB) were enrolled in this study. Routine follow-up tests were conducted every month during the 6-month intensive phase, and every two months during the 18-month continuation phase.

The Feasibility of Xpert MTB/RIF Testing to Detect Rifampicin Resistance among Childhood Tuberculosis for Prevalence Surveys in Northern China.

Drug resistance surveillance is crucial for control of drug-resistant tuberculosis (TB). However, limited data exists on the burden of drug-resistant TB in children. The goal of this work was to generate prevalence data regarding rifampicin- (RIF-) resistant childhood TB in northern China and to test the feasibility of Xpert for surveying pediatric TB drug resistance prevalence.

Molecular Characterization of Prothionamide-Resistant Isolates in Southern China.

Prothionamide (PTH) has been widely used in the treatment of tuberculosis (TB), especially multidrug resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB), while data regarding prevalence of resistance-causing mutation is limited. In this study, we aimed to investigate the molecular characteristics of PTH-resistant MTB isolates, and also analyzed the risk factors for PTH resistance among (MTB) isolates in southern China. A total of 282 MTB isolates were enrolled in from Guangzhou Chest Hospital.

Prevalence and molecular characterization of pyrazinamide resistance among multidrug-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis isolates from Southern China.

Background: Pyrazinamide (PZA) plays a unique role in the treatment for multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB) in both first- and second-line regimens. The aim of this study was to investigate the prevalence and molecular characterization of PZA resistance among MDR-TB isolates collected in Chongqing municipality.

Methods: A total of 133 MDR-TB isolates were collected from the smear-positive tuberculosis patients who were registered at local TB dispensaries of Chongqing.

Usability of a Medication Event Reminder Monitor System (MERM) by Providers and Patients to Improve Adherence in the Management of Tuberculosis.

Poor initiation and implementation and premature discontinuation of anti-tuberculous therapy, all forms of nonadherence, are major reasons for treatment failure, the development of drug-resistant tuberculosis, and transmission to other non-infected individuals. Directly Observed Therapy (DOT) has been the worldwide standard, but implementation of DOT is burdensome for providers and patients, especially in resource-limited settings, where most of the burden of active TB is located. Among the alternatives to DOT is electronic monitoring (EM) of drug dosing histories.

Rapid diagnosis of extrapulmonary tuberculosis with Xpert Mycobacterium tuberculosis/rifampicin assay.

Purpose: XpertMycobacterium tuberculosis/rifampicin (Xpert MTB/RIF) assay has been endorsed by the World Health Organization (WHO) for diagnosis of extrapulmonary tuberculosis (EPTB), while the sensitivity and specificity have not been fully evaluated. We aimed to evaluate the performance of Xpert MTB/RIF assay in the detection of different extrapulmonary specimens.

Methods: A total of 420 nonrespiratory specimens were detected with acid-fast bacilli (AFB) smear microscopy, solid culture, conventional drug susceptibility testing (DST) and Xpert MTB/RIF assay.

Misdiagnosis of tuberculosis associated with some species of nontuberculous mycobacteria by GeneXpert MTB/RIF assay.

Out of 12 nontuberculous mycobacteria (NTM) species, 5 were identified as Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) by GeneXpert at a bacterial load of 10. Notably, two species, including M. abscessus and M.

Comparing yield and relative costs of WHO TB screening algorithms in selected risk groups among people aged 65 years and over in China, 2013.

Objective: To calculate the yield and cost per diagnosed tuberculosis (TB) case for three World Health Organization screening algorithms and one using the Chinese National TB program (NTP) TB suspect definitions, using data from a TB prevalence survey of people aged 65 years and over in China, 2013.

Methods: This was an analytic study using data from the above survey. Risk groups were defined and the prevalence of new TB cases in each group calculated.

Mutual Impact of Diabetes Mellitus and Tuberculosis in China.

China has a double burden of diabetes mellitus and tuberculosis, and many studies have been carried out on the mutual impact of these two diseases. This paper systematically reviewed studies conducted in China covering the mutual impact of epidemics of diabetes and tuberculosis, the impact of diabetes on multi-drug resistant tuberculosis and on the tuberculosis clinical manifestation and treatment outcome, the yields of bi-directional screening, and economic evaluation for tuberculosis screening among diabetes patients.

Association of Single-Nucleotide Polymorphism in the Hepcidin Promoter Gene with Susceptibility to Extrapulmonary Tuberculosis.

Background: Hepcidin is a 25-amino acid peptide produced by the liver in response to inflammation and iron overload. It is encoded by the hepcidin antimicrobial peptide (HAMP) gene and plays a key role in innate immunity. Previous studies have reported that a -582 A>G polymorphism in the HAMP promoter (HAMP-P) affects hepcidin expression, causing susceptibility to various bacterial and viral pathogens.

Adverse Events Associated with Treatment of Multidrug-Resistant Tuberculosis in China: An Ambispective Cohort Study.

BACKGROUND Adverse events are under-appreciated negative consequences that are significant clinical problems for patients undergoing anti-MDR-TB treatment due to longer duration of treatment and more need for concurrent use of multiple second-line drugs. The aim of this study was to determine the incidence of adverse events and their impact on MDR-TB therapy and treatment outcome, and to identify possible drug-event pairs in China. MATERIAL AND METHODS An ambispective cohort study was conducted based on hospital medical records, which included a retrospective study that enrolled 751 MDR-TB patients receiving standardized regimen between May 2009 and July 2013, and a follow-up investigation of treatment outcome conducted in December 2016 in China.

Spatial-temporal analysis of pulmonary tuberculosis in the northeast of the Yunnan province, People's Republic of China.

Background: The number of pulmonary tuberculosis (PTB) cases in China ranks third in the world. A continuous increase in cases has recently been recorded in Zhaotong prefecture-level city, which is located in the northeastern part of Yunnan province. This study explored the space-time dynamics of PTB cases in Zhaotong to provide useful information that will help guide policymakers to formulate effective regional prevention and control strategies.

Activity of Bedaquiline against Nontuberculous Mycobacteria in China.

The main goal of our study was to evaluate the bedaquiline susceptibility of six prevalent species of pathogenic nontuberculous mycobacteria (NTM) in China. In addition, we investigated the potential molecular mechanisms contributing to bedaquiline resistance in the different NTM species. Among slowly growing mycobacteria (SGM), bedaquiline exhibited the highest activity against ; the MIC and MIC values were 0.

Prevalence of tuberculosis among health care workers in tuberculosis specialized hospitals in China.

Objectives: Tuberculosis (TB) specialized hospitals are playing an increasingly important role in the diagnosis and treatment of patients with TB in China. This study aimed to investigate the prevalence of TB among health care workers (HCWs) in TB specialized hospitals in China.

Methods: We conducted a cross-sectional survey to collect longitudinal information on the number of HCWs and patients with TB from HCWs among 203 TB hospitals in China.

In vitro activity of clarithromycin in combination with other antimicrobial agents against Mycobacterium abscessus and Mycobacterium massiliense.

Macrolides, especially clarithromycin (CLA), remain the cornerstone of therapy for Mycobacterium abscessus complex infections. The purpose of this study was to gather results from in vitro drug susceptibility testing of M. abscessus and Mycobacterium massiliense for the combination of CLA with various other agents, including linezolid (LZD), moxifloxacin (MOX), amikacin (AMK) and tigecycline (TGC).

Diagnostic dilemma of pulmonary tuberculosis among adults with severe mental illness in Beijing, China.

Background: Although the prevalence of tuberculosis has decreased significantly over the past decades, the certain populations with mental illness are at increased risk for tuberculosis infection and transmission. However, no studies have examined the performance of different laboratory examination methods among people with severe mental illness in China.

Methods: In this study, we firstly performed a retrospective study to evaluate the feasibility of three routine laboratory methods, including sputum microscopy, solid culture and GeneXpert, to diagnose tuberculosis patients with mental illness.

Subtype I Is Associated With Clarithromycin Resistance in China.

is the second most common cause of slowly growing non-tuberculous mycobacteria diseases in China. The aim of the present study was to analyze subtypes isolated from patients in China, and to explore the antimicrobial susceptibility of the differentiation among these diverse subtypes. A total of 78 strains from 16 provinces of China were enrolled in this study.

Sub-optimal Specificity of Modified Ziehl-Neelsen Staining for Quick Identification of Tuberculous Meningitis.

Microbiological confirmation of tuberculous meningitis (TBM) remains problematic. We assessed the diagnostic performance of a modified Ziehl-Neelsen (MZN) staining method that showed promise in earlier studies. Patients evaluated for TBM in Shaanxi province, China, were prospectively enrolled from May, 2011 to April, 2013.

Assessment of a 96-Well Plate Assay of Quantitative Drug Susceptibility Testing for Mycobacterium Tuberculosis Complex in China.

Objective: To evaluate the performance of the Sensitire MYCOTB MIC Plate (MYCOTB) which could measure the twelve anti-tuberculosis drugs susceptibility on one 96-wells plate.

Methods: A total of 140 MDR-TB strains and 60 non-MDR strains were sub-cultured and 193 strains were finally tested for drug resistance using MYCOTB and agar proportion method (APM) and another 7 strains failed of subculture. The drugs included ofloxacin (Ofx), moxifloxacin (Mfx), rifampin (RFP), amikacin (Am), rifabutin (Rfb), para-aminosalicylic acid (PAS), ethionamide (Eth), isoniazid (INH), kanamycin (Km), ethambutol (EMB), streptomycin (Sm), and cycloserine(Cs).