Clinical outcomes of patients with EGFR-mutated NSCLC developing interstitial lung disease during first-line osimertinib therapy: a sub-analysis of the Reiwa study.

Introduction: Osimertinib-induced interstitial lung disease in untreated EGFR-mutated, advanced non-small cell lung cancer is being reported at a higher rate in Japan than elsewhere. However, data on the interstitial lung disease incidence during first-line osimertinib therapy and the course of lung cancer treatments administered after interstitial lung disease onset in the real-world setting are scarce.

Materials And Methods: The present study reviewed the data from the Reiwa study, a multicentric, observational study examining the efficacy and safety of first-line osimertinib therapy in the clinical setting.

Protective role of school climate for impacts of COVID-19 on depressive symptoms and psychotic experiences among adolescents: a population-based cohort study.

Background: Schools are central places for adolescent social lives, which is a major factor greatly affecting adolescent mental health; school climate (i.e. quality of the school social environments) can be a proximal social determinant for adolescent mental health.

The COVID-19 pandemic-induced behavioral restrictions and their impact on child and adolescent psychiatric units-Infection control or freedom.

Aim: This study examines the impact of COVID-19 pandemic-induced behavioral restrictions on child psychiatric inpatients in Japan, particularly focusing on limitations placed on outings and overnight stays as infection-control measures.

Methods: Data were collected from inpatients from the children's mental health registry between January 2016 and December 2022. The clinical data, such as age, gender, diagnosis, result of polymerase chain reaction (PCR) tests, frequency of outings and overnight stays before and after the pandemic, were compared.

Effects of ambient atmospheric pressure on intraocular pressure measured using a Goldman applanation tonometer in normal eyes under ordinary conditions.

Purpose: Little is known about the effects of ambient atmospheric pressure (AP) on intraocular pressure (IOP) under ordinary conditions. This study aimed to investigate the effects of AP on Goldmann applanation tonometer-measured IOP (GAT-IOP) in normal eyes under everyday atmospheric conditions adjusting for effects of possible confounding factors including other climatic factors.

Methods: Data obtained from 2,431 normal healthy eyes of 2,431 subjects (mean age: 56.

Medication use and risk of reflux oesophagitis.

Objective: Reflux oesophagitis (RO) is one of the most common diseases encountered by gastroenterologists and primary care physicians. However, few epidemiological studies have investigated the association of medication use and RO. This study aimed to investigate the prevalence of RO and its risk factors, particularly with respect to medication use.

Clinical Utility of the Novel Oncological Criteria of Resectability for Advanced Hepatocellular Carcinoma.

Introduction: Introduction of new systemic therapies for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) has led to the development of new oncological criteria of resectability for the resectability of HCC. This study was aimed at validating the prognosticating ability and clinical utility of the resectability classification based on the novel criteria in real-world clinical practice.

Methods: This study was conducted in 1,822 patients who had undergone curative resection for HCC (population 1) and 107 patients with unresectable disease who had received lenvatinib therapy (population 2).

M2BPgs-HCC: An Automated Multilectin Bead Array Indicating Aberrant Glycosylation Signatures Toward Hepatitis C Virus-Associated Hepatocellular Carcinoma Prognosis.

Regular monitoring of patients with a history of hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection is critical for the detection and management of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Mac-2 binding protein glycosylation isomer (M2BPGi) has been used to monitor fibrosis progression and predict HCC. However, HCC prediction based on M2BPGi has not been optimized.

Risk Factors for Long-Term Nutritional Disorders One Year After COVID-19: A Post Hoc Analysis of COVID-19 Recovery Study II.

: COVID-19 patients develop various clinical symptoms, including malnutrition. However, the risk factors for long-term nutritional disorders remain unclear. Identifying these factors is crucial for preventing nutritional disorders by initiating early nutritional interventions.

Histidine and soy isoflavones co-ingestion induces browning of white adipose tissue and promotes lipolysis in female rats.

Beige adipocytes arise from white adipocytes in response to cold or other stimuli, known as browning of white adipose. Beige adipocytes play a role similar to that of brown adipocytes, express high levels of uncoupling protein 1 (UCP1), and are responsible for energy consumption via heat production, thus aiding in fat loss. Although histidine (His) and soy isoflavone (Iso) co-ingestion reportedly reduces food intake, body weight, and fat accumulation in female rats, the underlying mechanism remains unclear.

Aspirin modulates generation of procoagulant phospholipids in cardiovascular disease, by regulating LPCAT3.

Enzymatically oxygenated phospholipids (eoxPL) from lipoxygenases (LOX) or cyclooxygenase (COX) are prothrombotic. Their generation in arterial disease, and their modulation by cardiovascular therapies is unknown. Furthermore, the Lands cycle acyl-transferases that catalyze their formation are unidentified.

Outcome of osimertinib-treated patients with epidermal growth factor receptor mutation-positive nonsmall cell lung cancer requiring dose reduction: a secondary analysis of the Reiwa study.

Background: Osimertinib is effective in patients with epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) mutation-positive nonsmall cell lung cancer (NSCLC). However, some patients require osimertinib dose reduction because of adverse events. This study assessed the characteristics of osimertinib dose reduction and compared the efficacies of reduced-dose and regular-dose osimertinib.

A Novel AGR2 Variant Causing Aberrant Monomer-Dimer Equilibrium Leading to Severe Respiratory and Digestive Symptoms.

Anterior gradient 2 (AGR2) is a protein disulfide isomerase that is important for protein processing in the endoplasmic reticulum and is essential for mucin production in the digestive and respiratory tracts. Bi-allelic AGR2 variants were recently found to cause recurrent respiratory infections and failure to thrive with or without diarrhea (RIFTD; MIM # 620233), although the mechanisms behind this condition remain unclear. To date, at least 15 patients with homozygous AGR2 variants have been reported.

A homozygous structural variant of is frequently associated with achromatopsia in Japanese patients with IRD.

Purpose: Achromatopsia (ACHM) is an early-onset cone dysfunction caused by 5 genes with cone-specific functions (, , , and ) and by , a transcription factor with ubiquitous expression. To improve the relatively low variant detection ratio in these genes in a cohort of exome-sequenced Japanese patients with inherited retinal diseases (IRD), we performed genome sequencing to detect structural variants and intronic variants in patients with ACHM.

Methods: Genome sequencing of 10 ACHM pedigrees was performed after exome sequencing.

Booster vaccination and post-COVID-19 condition during the Omicron variant-dominant wave: a large population-based study.

Objectives: The effect of the COVID-19 booster vaccination and the long-term consequences concerning preventing post-COVID-19 condition (PCC) remains unclear. We aimed to investigate the association of COVID-19 booster vaccination dose and vaccination timing before infection with the risk of PCC during the Omicron variant-dominant wave.

Methods: This population-based study included patients confirmed with COVID-19 (extracted from the Health Center Real-time Information-sharing System) aged 20-69 years, who were infected between 1 July and 31 August 2022.

Dysbiosis of gut microbiota in COVID-19 is associated with intestinal DNA phage dynamics of lysogenic and lytic infection.

This study compared intestinal DNA phage dynamics and gut microbiota changes observed at the onset of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). The study participants included 19 healthy individuals and 19 patients with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 infection. Significant differences were observed in the diversity of the intestinal DNA virome after the onset of COVID-19 compared with that in healthy individuals.

Trends in antimicrobial consumption: long-term impact of the COVID-19 pandemic.

Objectives: The COVID-19 pandemic was associated with a global decrease in antimicrobial consumption (AMC) in 2020. However, the persistence of this downwards trend is not known at a global level. This study examined the global and longer-term trends in AMC after the emergence of COVID-19.

The role of psychotropics on the associations between extreme temperature and heat-related outcomes among people with mental health conditions: population-based study.

Background: The association between heatwave and heat-related outcomes in people with mental health conditions with and without psychotropics was unclear.

Methods: We identified people with severe mental illness (SMI) and depression, respectively, using Japanese claim data of Ibaraki prefecture during 1/1/2014-31/12/2021. We conducted self-controlled case series to estimate the incidence rate ratio (IRR) of heat-related illness, myocardial infarction and delirium, respectively, during 5-day pre-heatwave, heatwave, and 5-day post-heatwave periods all other periods (baseline) within an individual, stratified by periods prescribed psychotropics and periods not prescribed psychotropics, respectively.

Applications of and issues with machine learning in medicine: Bridging the gap with explainable AI.

In recent years, machine learning, and particularly deep learning, has shown remarkable potential in various fields, including medicine. Advanced techniques like convolutional neural networks and transformers have enabled high-performance predictions for complex problems, making machine learning a valuable tool in medical decision-making. From predicting postoperative complications to assessing disease risk, machine learning has been actively used to analyze patient data and assist healthcare professionals.

Real-World Study of EGFR-TKI Rechallenge With Another TKI After First-Line Osimertinib Discontinuation in Patients With EGFR-Mutated Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer: A Subset Analysis of the Reiwa Study.

Introduction: First-line osimertinib is widely used to treat patients with epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR)-mutated non-small cell lung cancers (NSCLC). In clinical practice, rechallenge therapy with another EGFR-tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI) is often performed after first-line TKI discontinuation owing to resistance or toxicity; however, the efficacy and toxicity of EGFR-TKI rechallenge after first-line osimertinib have not been adequately investigated. This study aimed to examine the efficacy and safety of EGFR-TKI rechallenge with another TKI.

Effectiveness of benralizumab in the Tokyo Asthma Study (TOAST): A real-world prospective interventional trial.

Background: Biologics are integral in the management of severe asthma. As the effectiveness of the anti-IL-5 receptor antibody benralizumab in Japan remains elusive, this study aimed to assess its real-world effectiveness in Japanese patients with severe asthma.

Methods: This prospective, interventional, single-arm clinical trial was conducted across ten facilities in Japan between September 2020 and July 2022.

Extrachromosomal DNA: Molecular perspectives in aging and neurodegenerative diseases.

Extrachromosomal DNA (ecDNA) refers to a class of circular, non-chromosomal DNA that has recently gained widespread attention due to its potential role in aging and neurodegenerative diseases. The generation of ecDNA is closely associated with processes such as double-strand breaks, micronuclei formation, and the breakage-fusion-bridge (BFB) cycle, all of which are integral to regulation of gene expression, genetic stability, and clonal evolution. In neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, and Huntington's disease, the aberrant formation of ecDNA is closely linked to defects in DNA repair, alterations in synaptic plasticity, and neuronal dysfunction.