Intestinal mucosal defense system, Part 2. Probiotics and prebiotics.

The interplay between microorganisms and the intestine of newborn infants is associated with diverse functional and clinical outcomes that result from the specific interactions among microbial communities, their products, and the unique characteristics of the gastrointestinal tract. Multiple mechanisms of action for infant formula ingredients with probiotic activity appear to exist. These mechanisms are thought to protect the host not only from intestinal diseases but also from systemic infection.

Vitamin D, vitamin A, maternal-perinatal considerations: old concepts, new insights, new questions.

Vitamins A and D are essential nutrients that play important roles in growth and development. Preterm and low birth weight infants have low levels of these nutrients and are at risk for developing detrimental health consequences associated with vitamin A and vitamin D deficiencies. Preliminary data suggest that vitamin A and D supplementation is needed to prevent deficiency.