Epigenetic Changes Induced by Green Tea Catechins a re Associated with Prostate Cancer.

Prostate cancer is one of the most difficult cancers to treat especially when it becomes hormone resistant such as castrate resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) and subsequent metastatic CRPC. Apart from the genetic alterations in prostate cancer, epigenetic modifications also play an important role in the development and neoplastic progression of this disease. These include DNA methylation, histone modifications, and non-coding microRNAs.

Circulating Regulatory T-Cells in Monoclonal Gammopathies of Uncertain Significance and Multiple Myeloma: In Search of a Role.

The frequency and function of regulatory T-cells (Tregs) in multiple myeloma (MM) are still matter of debate. The percentage and absolute number of circulating Tregs (CD4(+)CD25(+high  density)CD127(-/low  density)) from 39 patients with untreated MM and 44 patients with monoclonal gammopathies of uncertain significance (MGUS) were tested and compared with 20 healthy subjects as controls. The mean percentage number of circulating Tregs was 2.

The Therapeutic Targets of miRNA in Hepatic Cancer Stem Cells.

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the fifth most common cancer worldwide malignancy and the third leading cause of cancer death in patients. Several studies demonstrated that hepatic cancer stem cells (HCSCs), also called tumor-initiating cells, are involved in regulation of HCC initiation, tumor progression, metastasis development, and drug resistance. Despite the extensive research, the underlying mechanisms by which HCSCs are regulated remain still unclear.

Role of Viral miRNAs and Epigenetic Modifications in Epstein-Barr Virus-Associated Gastric Carcinogenesis.

MicroRNAs are short (21-23 nucleotides), noncoding RNAs that typically silence posttranscriptional gene expression through interaction with target messenger RNAs. Currently, miRNAs have been identified in almost all studied multicellular eukaryotes in the plant and animal kingdoms. Additionally, recent studies reported that miRNAs can also be encoded by certain single-cell eukaryotes and by viruses.

Role of Sex Hormones in the Development and Progression of Hepatitis B Virus-Associated Hepatocellular Carcinoma.

Infection with hepatitis B virus (HBV) is a major risk factor for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) in developed countries. Epidemiological reports indicate that the incidence of HBV-related HCC is higher in males and postmenopausal females than other females. Increasing evidence suggests that sex hormones such as androgens and estrogens play an important role in the progression of an HBV infection and in the development of HBV-related HCC.

Novel mechanisms and therapeutic approaches in melanoma: targeting the MAPK pathway.

The development of novel treatments that selectively inhibit the RAS-RAF-MAPK pathway represents a milestone in the history of melanoma treatment. BRAF mutations occur in approximately 45% of cutaneous melanomas, while mutations in NRAS occur in 15-25%. Vemurafenib was the first BRAF inhibitor to be approved in 2011, based on the results of a phase III trial (BRIM-3) that showed higher progression-free survival and overall survival compared with dacarbazine chemotherapy in metastatic BRAF-mutated melanoma.

Fine needle aspiration cytolog of perineal alveolar rhabdomyosarcoma: cytohistopathologic and immunocytochemical correlations.

Objective: To describe the cytopathologic findings in a case of alveolar rhabdomyosarcoma (ARMS) of the perineum in a 13-year-old girl and to compare the cytopathologic findings with the histopathologic and immunohistochemical features observed on the corresponding fragments obtained from core biopsy of the mass.

Study Design: The cytopathologic findings observed in fine needle aspiration biopsy of a vulvar mass were analyzed with reference to their predictive diagnostic value in pathologic evaluation of the lesion.

Results: Following a prospective cytopathologic diagnosis of ARMS, a cutting needle core biopsy was performed.