Data-driven multiscale model of macaque auditory thalamocortical circuits reproduces in vivo dynamics.

We developed a detailed model of macaque auditory thalamocortical circuits, including primary auditory cortex (A1), medial geniculate body (MGB), and thalamic reticular nucleus, utilizing the NEURON simulator and NetPyNE tool. The A1 model simulates a cortical column with over 12,000 neurons and 25 million synapses, incorporating data on cell-type-specific neuron densities, morphology, and connectivity across six cortical layers. It is reciprocally connected to the MGB thalamus, which includes interneurons and core and matrix-layer-specific projections to A1.

Dissociation of Centrally and Peripherally Induced Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation Effects in Nonhuman Primates.

Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) is a noninvasive brain stimulation method that is rapidly growing in popularity for studying causal brain-behavior relationships. However, its dose-dependent centrally induced neural mechanisms and peripherally induced sensory costimulation effects remain debated. Understanding how TMS stimulation parameters affect brain responses is vital for the rational design of TMS protocols.

Cortical thickness in the right medial frontal gyrus predicts planning performance in healthy children and adolescents.

The ability to plan is an important part of the set of the cognitive skills called "executive functions." To be able to plan actions in advance is of great importance in everyday life and constitutes one of the major key features for academic as well as economic success. The present study aimed to investigate the neuroanatomical correlates of planning in normally developing children, as measured by the cortical thickness of the prefrontal cortex.

Inequalities in the Incidence of Psychotic Disorders Among Racial and Ethnic Groups.

Objective: The authors examined recent trends in incidence of psychotic disorders, demographic characteristics, and comorbid psychiatric and medical conditions among six racial/ethnic groups.

Method: A retrospective cohort study design was used to examine the incidence of psychotic disorders across race/ethnicity groups and comorbid psychiatric and medical conditions among members of Kaiser Permanente Northern California from 2009 to 2019 (N=5,994,758). Poisson regression was used to assess changes in annual incidence, and Cox proportional hazards and logistic regression models adjusted for age and sex were used to test correlates and consequences.

Integrating Text Messaging in a Low Threshold Telebuprenorphine Program for New York City Residents with Opioid Use Disorder during COVID-19: A Pilot Randomized Controlled Trial.

Background: Pragmatic innovations are needed to optimize clinical outcomes among people who use opioids initiating buprenorphine. This pilot randomized controlled trial assessed the feasibility of integrating text messaging in a low threshold telebuprenorphine bridge program for people who use opioids during the COVID-19 pandemic.

Methods: Eligible adult patients with opioid use disorder inducted on buprenorphine (N = 128) in the NYC Health+Hospitals Virtual Buprenorphine Clinic between May and November 2020 were randomized to an automated texting intervention based on the medical management model versus treatment as usual.

Predicting the phase distribution during multi-channel transcranial alternating current stimulation in silico and in vivo.

Background: Transcranial alternating current stimulation (tACS) is a widely used noninvasive brain stimulation (NIBS) technique to affect neural activity. TACS experiments have been coupled with computational simulations to predict the electromagnetic fields within the brain. However, existing simulations are focused on the magnitude of the field.

The Roles of Potassium and Calcium Currents in the Bistable Firing Transition.

Healthy brains display a wide range of firing patterns, from synchronized oscillations during slow-wave sleep to desynchronized firing during movement. These physiological activities coexist with periods of pathological hyperactivity in the epileptic brain, where neurons can fire in synchronized bursts. Most cortical neurons are pyramidal regular spiking (RS) cells with frequency adaptation and do not exhibit bursts in current-clamp experiments (in vitro).

Relative brain age is associated with socioeconomic status and anxiety/depression problems in youth.

Brain age, a measure of biological aging in the brain, has been linked to psychiatric illness, principally in adult populations. Components of socioeconomic status (SES) associate with differences in brain structure and psychiatric risk across the lifespan. This study aimed to investigate the influence of SES on brain aging in childhood and adolescence, a period of rapid neurodevelopment and peak onset for many psychiatric disorders.

Interictal spikes in Alzheimer's disease: Preclinical evidence for dominance of the dentate gyrus and cholinergic control by the medial septum.

Interictal spikes (IIS) are a common type of abnormal electrical activity in Alzheimer's disease (AD) and preclinical models. The brain regions where IIS are largest are not known but are important because such data would suggest sites that contribute to IIS generation. Because hippocampus and cortex exhibit altered excitability in AD models, we asked which areas dominate the activity during IIS along the cortical-CA1-dentate gyrus (DG) dorso-ventral axis.

The Role of Potassium and Calcium Currents in the Bistable Firing Transition.

Healthy brains display a wide range of firing patterns, from synchronized oscillations during slowwave sleep to desynchronized firing during movement. These physiological activities coexist with periods of pathological hyperactivity in the epileptic brain, where neurons can fire in synchronized bursts. Most cortical neurons are pyramidal regular spiking cells (RS) with frequency adaptation and do not exhibit bursts in current-clamp experiments ( ).

Reduced Cholecystokinin-Expressing Interneuron Input Contributes to Disinhibition of the Hippocampal CA2 Region in a Mouse Model of Temporal Lobe Epilepsy.

A significant proportion of temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) patients experience drug-resistant seizures associated with mesial temporal sclerosis, in which there is extensive cell loss in the hippocampal CA1 and CA3 subfields, with a relative sparing of dentate gyrus granule cells and CA2 pyramidal neurons (PNs). A role for CA2 in seizure generation was suggested based on findings of a reduction in CA2 synaptic inhibition (Williamson and Spencer, 1994) and the presence of interictal-like spike activity in CA2 in resected hippocampal tissue from TLE patients (Wittner et al., 2009).

Anatomical details affect electric field predictions for non-invasive brain stimulation in non-human primates.

Non-human primates (NHPs) have become key for translational research in noninvasive brain stimulation (NIBS). However, in order to create comparable stimulation conditions for humans it is vital to study the accuracy of current modeling practices across species. Numerical models to simulate electric fields are an important tool for experimental planning in NHPs and translation to human studies.

Predictions transform memories: How expected versus unexpected events are integrated or separated in memory.

Our brains constantly generate predictions about the environment based on prior knowledge. Many of the events we experience are consistent with these predictions, while others might be inconsistent with prior knowledge and thus violate our predictions. To guide future behavior, the memory system must be able to strengthen, transform, or add to existing knowledge based on the accuracy of our predictions.

An open-access dataset of naturalistic viewing using simultaneous EEG-fMRI.

In this work, we present a dataset that combines functional magnetic imaging (fMRI) and electroencephalography (EEG) to use as a resource for understanding human brain function in these two imaging modalities. The dataset can also be used for optimizing preprocessing methods for simultaneously collected imaging data. The dataset includes simultaneously collected recordings from 22 individuals (ages: 23-51) across various visual and naturalistic stimuli.

Epigenetic embedding of childhood adversity: mitochondrial metabolism and neurobiology of stress-related CNS diseases.

This invited article ad memoriam of Bruce McEwen discusses emerging epigenetic mechanisms underlying the from adverse childhood experiences to adult physiology and brain functions. The conceptual framework that we pursue suggest multidimensional biological pathways for the rapid regulation of neuroplasticity that utilize rapid non-genomic mechanisms of epigenetic programming of gene expression and modulation of metabolic function via mitochondrial metabolism. The current article also highlights how applying computational tools can foster the translation of basic neuroscience discoveries for the development of novel treatment models for mental illnesses, such as depression to slow the clinical manifestation of Alzheimer's disease.

Increasing adult-born neurons protects mice from epilepsy.

Neurogenesis occurs in the adult brain in the hippocampal dentate gyrus, an area that contains neurons which are vulnerable to insults and injury, such as severe seizures. Previous studies showed that increasing adult neurogenesis reduced neuronal damage after these seizures. Because the damage typically is followed by chronic life-long seizures (epilepsy), we asked if increasing adult-born neurons would prevent epilepsy.

Lysosomal dysfunction in Down syndrome and Alzheimer mouse models is caused by v-ATPase inhibition by Tyr-phosphorylated APP βCTF.

Lysosome dysfunction arises early and propels Alzheimer's disease (AD). Herein, we show that amyloid precursor protein (APP), linked to early-onset AD in Down syndrome (DS), acts directly via its β-C-terminal fragment (βCTF) to disrupt lysosomal vacuolar (H)-adenosine triphosphatase (v-ATPase) and acidification. In human DS fibroblasts, the phosphorylated YENPTY internalization motif of APP-βCTF binds selectively within a pocket of the v-ATPase V0a1 subunit cytoplasmic domain and competitively inhibits association of the V1 subcomplex of v-ATPase, thereby reducing its activity.

A framework and resource for global collaboration in non-human primate neuroscience.

As science and technology evolve, there is an increasing need for promotion of international scientific exchange. Collaborations, while offering substantial opportunities for scientists and benefit to society, also present challenges for those working with animal models, such as non-human primates (NHPs). Diversity in regulation of animal research is sometimes mistaken for the absence of common international welfare standards.

Parental Preferences for Mental Health Screening of Youths From a Multinational Survey.

Importance: Screening youths for mental disorders may assist in prevention, promote early identification, and be associated with reduced related lifetime impairment and distress.

Objective: To assess parents' and caregivers' comfort with and preferences for pediatric mental health screening and factors associated with these preferences.

Design, Setting, And Participants: This survey study used an online survey available from July 11 to 14, 2021, through Prolific Academic.

Multiscale model of primary motor cortex circuits predicts in vivo cell-type-specific, behavioral state-dependent dynamics.

Understanding cortical function requires studying multiple scales: molecular, cellular, circuit, and behavioral. We develop a multiscale, biophysically detailed model of mouse primary motor cortex (M1) with over 10,000 neurons and 30 million synapses. Neuron types, densities, spatial distributions, morphologies, biophysics, connectivity, and dendritic synapse locations are constrained by experimental data.

Effects of antipsychotic medication on functional connectivity in major depressive disorder with psychotic features.

The effect of antipsychotic medication on resting state functional connectivity in major depressive disorder (MDD) is currently unknown. To address this gap, we examined patients with MDD with psychotic features (MDDPsy) participating in the Study of the Pharmacotherapy of Psychotic Depression II. All participants were treated with sertraline plus olanzapine and were subsequently randomized to continue sertraline plus olanzapine or be switched to sertraline plus placebo.