DEVELOPMENT OF THE INNER NASAL CAVITY IN ANIMALS IN PHYLO- AND ONTOGENESIS: FUNCTIONAL ANATOMIC SIGNIFICANCE IN THE DEVELOPMENT PERIOD ROZWÓJ WEWNĘTRZNEJ JAMY NOSOWEJ U ZWIERZĄT W FILO- I ONTOGENEZIE: CZYNNOŚCIOWE I ANATOMICZNE ZNACZENIE W OKRESIE ROZWOJOWYM.

Objective: Іntroduction: Main functions of the inner nose in humans are respiration and olfaction. Therefore, human needs a large surface of inhalable and exhalable air contact, warming and moistening. Importance of these organs in animals in phylogenesis before and after the secondary palate development can explain their anatomic and functional designation.

Anatomical considerations in endoscopic lacrimal surgery.

Purpose: To provide a review of the anatomy of the lacrimal drainage system and lateral wall of the nose pertaining to endoscopic dacryocystorhinostomy.

Methods: The authors performed a PubMed search of articles published pertaining to the anatomy of the lateral wall of the nose and the anatomy of endonasal and external dacryocystorhinostomy surgery.

Results: The article covers the regional surface and surgical anatomy for endoscopic dacryocystorhinostomy (DCR), including the maxillary line, middle turbinate, agger nasi air cell, lacrimal sac and fossa and the upper portion of the nasolacrimal drainage system.

Ocular surface system alterations in ocular graft-versus-host disease: all the pieces of the complex puzzle.

Purpose: Graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) is a major complication of allogeneic hematopoietic stem cells transplantation, occurring in about half of transplanted patients. This condition seems to be the result of a progressive immune-mediated damage that can involve various tissues, including the eyes. The ocular surface system is the ocular structure most frequently impaired, and dry eye disease is considered the hallmark of ocular GVHD.

A Case of Velocardiofacial Syndrome With Bilateral Inferior Punctum and Canalicular Agenesis.

A 16-year-old girl diagnosed with velocardiofacial syndrome complained of occasional bilateral ocular discharge. Examination revealed an agenesia of the inferior puncti and canaliculi, while the irrigation through the superior puncta was patent on both sides. Dacryocystorhinostomy with insertion of Lester Jones tubes is not considered for the time being because of the absence of epiphora.

Altered Surfactant Protein Expression in Primary Acquired Nasolacrimal Duct Obstruction.

Purpose: To investigate the presence and distribution patterns of 6 surfactant proteins in lacrimal drainage tissues of patients with primary acquired nasolacrimal duct (NLD) obstruction.

Methods: The presence and distribution of surfactant proteins (SP)-G and SP-H was first assessed in normal cadaveric lacrimal systems. The study was then performed in 10 samples of lacrimal sac and the respective NLDs obtained from patients suffering from primary acquired NLD obstruction who underwent either a dacryocystorhinostomy or a dacryocystectomy.

Ultrastructure of the lacrimal drainage system in health and disease: A major review.

Purpose: To provide a systematic review of the literature on the ultrastructural findings of the lacrimal drainage system in healthy state and in few of the disorders studied so far.

Methods: The authors performed a PubMed search of all articles published with reference to electron microscopic features of the lacrimal drainage pathways. Data captured include demographics, study techniques, scanning or transmission electron microscopic features, presumed or confirmed interpretations and their implications.

Lacrimal drainage anatomy in the Japanese population.

Purpose: The aim of this study is to provide a comprehensive and clinically relevant review of the lacrimal drainage anatomy in the Japanese population.

Methods: A thorough search on the lacrimal drainage anatomy in the Japanese population was performed using PubMed and Ichushi Web, which is managed by the Japan Medical Abstracts Society, for related studies up to December 2018. Published books on the same topic were also reviewed.

Human Lacrimal Drainage System Reconstruction, Recanalization, and Regeneration.

: This review examines the broad contexts of the reconstructive and recanalization strategies of the human lacrimal drainage system.: A PubMed search was performed using individually and combination of the terms "lacrimal," "reconstruction", "recanalization," "canaliculus," "canalicular," "stenosis," "obstruction," "block," "drainage," "disorder," "disease," "nasolacrimal duct (NLD)," "endoscopy," "dacryoendoscopy," "trauma," "laceration," "stents," "repair," "tubes," "tear," "eyelid," "Sisler," "trephine," and "trephination". Selections from these lists were the basis of examination of reconstruction and recanalization strategies of multiple lacrimal disorders and their outcomes.

Recurrent natural killer/T-cell lymphoma of the lacrimal sac and nasolacrimal duct in a 59-year-old Caucasian woman.

A 59-year-old Caucasian woman with past medical history significant for Natural Killer (NK)/T-cell lymphoma of the right nasal septum in remission for nine months presented after surveillance PET-CT imaging revealed increased metabolic activity in the right nasolacrimal duct. She also reported ipsilateral epiphora starting around this time. The lacrimal sac and nasolacrimal ductal mucosa were biopsied via an external approach.

Dacryocystitis and Rhinosinusitis Secondary to Sarcoidosis.

Sarcoidosis rarely develops in the lacrimal sac. Lacrimal sac sarcoidosis may be associated with sarcoidosis-related rhinosinusitis. The anatomical and histological relationship between the lacrimal drainage system and nasal mucosa has been indicated as a predisposing factor for this concomitance.

Dacryocystosclerotherapy as an alternative to dacryocystectomy.

: The aim of this study was to perform a histopathological assessment of the efficacy of sclerosing agents in dacryocystosclerotherapy (DCST) and to evaluate its role as an alternative to dacryocystectomy (DCT) in a specific group of patients. : Thirteen lacrimal drainage systems of 10 patients with primary acquired nasolacrimal duct obstruction (PANDO) were studied. All patients were awaiting a DCT, indications being repeated attacks of dacryocystitis with severe systemic or ocular co-morbidities and/or refusal for a dacryocystorhinostomy.

Choanal Atresia and Other Neonatal Nasal Anomalies.

Congenital nasal deformities can cause nasal obstruction with early respiratory distress. Choanal atresia is characterized by no communication between the nasal cavity and nasopharynx. Pyriform aperture stenosis involves more anterior nasal obstruction with limited intranasal space.

Universal ocular screening of 481 infants using wide-field digital imaging system.

Background: Universal ocular screening of infants is not a standard procedure in children's health care system in China. This pilot study investigated prevalence of ocular abnormalities of 6 weeks-age infants using wide-field digital imaging system.

Methods: Infants aged 6 weeks around were consecutively enrolled in a public hospital between April 2015 and August 2016.

Acquired Obliteration of the Proximal Lacrimal Drainage System.

Purpose: We present a series of patients with acquired obliteration of one or more components of the proximal lacrimal drainage system, including puncta and canaliculi. This finding was noted with and without other obstructions or stenoses of the lacrimal drainage system. Review of these patients in search of possible risk factors for this condition and histopathology of two patients are presented.

Lysosomal enzymes and mannose 6-phosphate receptors in the lacrimal drainage system: Evidence and its potential implications.

Purpose: To investigate the presence and patterns of lysosomal enzymes and mannose 6-phosophate receptor (MPRs) in human lacrimal drainage system.

Methods: The study was performed on healthy lacrimal sacs and nasolacrimal ducts obtained from exenteration samples immediately after surgery and frozen at -80°C for subsequent analysis. Soluble proteins' extract was used for enzyme assays, sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE), native PAGE, activity staining, and western blot analysis.

Resection of Inverted Papilloma of the Maxillary Sinus via a Prelacrimal Recess Approach: A Multicenter Retrospective Analysis of Surgical Efficacy.

Background: The intranasal endoscopic prelacrimal recess approach (PLRA) access to all aspects of the maxillary sinus while preserving the inferior turbinate and nasolacrimal duct and its use have been reported in the treatment of many maxillary sinus and lateral skull base diseases.

Objective: To retrospectively assess the effectiveness of a 10-year multicenter follow-up for the resection of inverted papilloma of the maxillary sinus (IPMS) via a PLRA.

Methods: A total of 71 patients were admitted and underwent IPMS excision via an intranasal endoscopic PLRA from 2003 to 2013.

Prelacrimal approach for nasolacrimal duct excision in the management of lacrimal system tumours.

To report a case of a lacrimal sac tumour and describe a prelacrimal approach to the maxillary sinus to excise the nasolacrimal duct in its management. To our knowledge, this approach has not been adapted to remove the nasolacrimal duct for the management of pathological processes involving the nasolacrimal system. A 58-year-old female patient presented with a 6-month history of epiphora.

Detection of intrinsic cholinergic system in the human lacrimal drainage system: evidence and potential implications.

Purpose: To investigate the presence and distribution of epithelial and non-epithelial cholinergic system and cholinergic brush cells in the human lacrimal drainage system.

Methods: The study was performed on fresh frozen human cadaveric samples of the lacrimal drainage system. Immunohistochemistry was performed for assessing the presence and distribution of cholinergic brush cell proteins-villin, acetylcholine synthesizing enzyme, choline acetyltransferase (ChAT); vesicular acetylcholine transporter (VAChT); components of canonical taste transduction signaling cascade, phospholipase C β2 (PLCβ2), and transient receptor potential cation channel, subfamily M, and member 5 (TRPM5).

Plasma gelsolin promotes re-epithelialization.

Woundhealing disorders characterized by impaired or delayed re-epithelialization are a serious medical problem that is painful and difficult to treat. Gelsolin (GSN), a known actin modulator, supports epithelial cell regeneration and apoptosis. The aim of this study was to estimate the potential of recombinant gelsolin (rhu-pGSN) for ocular surface regeneration to establish a novel therapy for delayed or complicated wound healing.

Patulous nasolacrimal duct with air reflux: a complication of submucosal diathermy of the inferior turbinate.

Background: Submucosal diathermy to the inferior turbinate is a widely practised procedure to improve the nasal airway when nasal obstruction is due to hypertrophy of the inferior turbinate. This paper reports a case of an unusual nasolacrimal complication following submucosal diathermy to the inferior turbinate, and reviews the relevant literature.Case reportA 33-year-old male patient developed a patulous nasolacrimal duct opening following submucosal diathermy of the inferior turbinate.

Expression of Surfactant Proteins in the Human Canaliculus: Evidence and Potential Insights Into the Tear Flow Dynamics.

Purpose: To investigate the presence and distribution patterns of 6 surfactant proteins (SPs) in the human lacrimal canaliculus.

Methods: The study was performed on fresh frozen cadaveric samples of canaliculi. Immunohistochemical labeling was performed for assessing the presence and distribution of SP: SP-A, SP-B, SP-C, SP-D, SP-G/SFTA2, and SP-H/SFTA3.

Tacrolimus Loaded PEG-Cholecalciferol Based Micelles for Treatment of Ocular Inflammation.

Purpose: Poor corneal permeability, nasolacrimal drainage and requirement of chronic administration are major drawbacks of existing therapies for ocular inflammation. Hence, we designed topical micelles of PEG conjugated with cholecalciferol (PEGCCF).

Methods: Integrin targeted tacrolimus loaded PEGCCF micelles (TTM) were prepared by solvent diffusion evaporation method and characterized for particle size, osmolality, encapsulation efficiency and drug loading.

Extramucosal pyriplasty without stenting for management of pyriform aperture stenosis.

Purpose: The current management options of congenital pyriform aperture stenosis (CNPAS) are either conservative measures awaiting further growth of the bony nasal framework or surgical intervention that focuses on bone removal from the margin of the pyriform aperture (PA) without exposure of the nasolacrimal duct (NLD) followed by stenting. Recently, CT measurements of the nasal cavity in CNPAS have shed light that the site of maximal bony obstruction corresponds to the bony buttress encasing the NLD rather than the margin of the PA as initially thought. Herein, we present an extramucosal pyriplasty technique that can be used without stenting to enlarge the PA and achieve immediate and sustained relief of nasal obstruction.