Sacral neuromodulation compared with injection of bulking agents for faecal incontinence following obstetric anal sphincter injury - a randomized controlled trial.

Aim: The purpose of this trial was to compare the effectiveness of sacral neuromodulation (SNM) with a submucosal injection of collagen (Permacol®) in women with faecal incontinence following obstetric anal sphincter injury (OASIS).

Method: This single-blinded randomized controlled trial at two hospital units in Norway included women with faecal incontinence following OASIS. Eligible women who had had a successful percutaneous nerve evaluation were randomly assigned to SNM or Permacol®.

Sacral neuromodulation for faecal incontinence following obstetric sphincter injury - outcome of percutaneous nerve evaluation.

Aim: The purpose of this study was to assess the efficacy of percutaneous nerve evaluation (PNE) in women with faecal incontinence (FI) following obstetric anal sphincter injury and to relate the outcomes to baseline factors, with special emphasis on the extent of the sphincter defect.

Method: This was a prospective study at a tertiary colorectal referral unit at the University Hospital of North Norway conducted from 2012 to 2014. Sixty-three women underwent a 3-week PNE using a tined lead and the Verify external neurostimulator.

Norwegian midwives' use of screening for and brief interventions on alcohol use in pregnancy.

Objective: This study assessed the current screening for and brief intervention (BI) on alcohol use in pregnancy among midwives in Norway, as well as perceived barriers for such practice.

Design, Setting And Participants: An Internet and telephone survey was conducted among all 200 registered municipal midwives in the Norwegian health regions North, West and South in the period December 2013-May 2014. Of these, 103 midwives were reached and responded (52%).

Using the Internet to Support Exercise and Diet: A Stratified Norwegian Survey.

Background: Internet is used for a variety of health related purposes. Use differs and has differential effects on health according to socioeconomic status.

Objective: We investigated to what extent the Norwegian population use the Internet to support exercise and diet, what kind of services they use, and whether there are social disparities in use.

Sperm of Galeorhinus galeus (Elasmobranchii, Triakidae) Traverse an Excurrent Duct System Characterized by Pronounced Regionalization: A Scanning Electron and Light Microscopy Study.

The transport and subsequent maturation of spermatozoa in the vertebrate excurrent duct require the creation of a series of biochemically defined luminal milieus along the length of the duct. Such specialization is accomplished, among others, by changes in the epididymal histoarchitecture. Here we show that the intratesticular and extratesticular genital ducts of mating Galeorhinus galeus exhibit pronounced regionalization both in terms of epithelial histology and lumen diameter size.

The multifaceted vigilance - nurses' experiences of caring encounters with patients suffering from substance use disorder.

Background: Nursing care is guided by a value base focusing on promoting dignity and health by means of the caring relationship. However, previous research has revealed that negative attitudes towards 'addicted' patients, as well as these patients' behaviour, can give rise to negative emotions such as frustration and disappointment among nurses. This can contribute to a judgmental and controlling attitude towards patients.

Recursive Health Care Structures and Choice in the Manner of Our Dying: An Auto-Ethnographic Account.

Science has shaped our understanding of the diseases we are diagnosed with. Medical treatment has transformed their natural courses. The law has married medical knowledge and experience to the legal competence of physicians to make ultimate decisions for the patient at the end of life.

The epigonal organ and mature pole of the testis in the recreationally fished blue shark (Prionace glauca): histochemico-functional correlates.

The exact role of the immune system in normal spermatogenesis is poorly understood. The attachment, however, of the lymphomyeloid epigonal organ specifically to the testis's mature pole in many shark species is a curious finding. Unlike the histology of the lymphomyeloid tissues of many other elasmobranchs, the epigonal organ leukocytes of wild-caught blue shark (Prionace glauca), besides exhibiting extensive nuclear heterogeneity, contain some of the largest known granules ever seen in vertebrate white blood cells.

Living in negotiation: patients' experiences of being in the diagnostic process of COPD.

Purpose: To illuminate patients' lived experiences of going through the process of being diagnosed with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD).

Patients And Methods: A phenomenological-hermeneutic analysis was applied in the interpretation of interviews with eight persons diagnosed with mild or moderate COPD.

Results: One main theme 'living in negotiation', and three themes 'living with a body out of step with the diagnosis', 'dealing with the past', and 'being challenged by the future' reflected the process participants were living through in their quest for acceptance and a new balance in life.

Language of motivation and emotion in an internet support group for smoking cessation: explorative use of automated content analysis to measure regulatory focus.

The present study describes a novel approach to the identification of the motivational processes in text data extracted from an Internet support group (ISG) for smoking cessation. Based on the previous findings that a "prevention" focus might be more relevant for maintaining behavior change, it was hypothesized that 1) language use (ie, the use of emotional words) signaling a "promotion" focus would be dominant in the initiating stages of the ISG, and 2) that the proportion of words signaling a prevention focus would increase over time. The data were collected from the ISG site, spanning 4 years of forum activity.

The caspase-dependent apoptosis gradient in the testis of the blue shark, Prionace glauca.

The severe degenerative phenomena that characterises spermatogenesis in mating blue sharks involves spatially separated germ cell and Sertoli cell apoptosis. Unlike that observed in multilayered type B spermatogonial and spermatocyte cysts caspase-3-depend entapoptosis of single and multinucleate type B spermatogonia in one to three spermatogonial layered cysts resulted in their complete fragmentation, delayed phagocytic removal and displacement of the apoptotic bodies towards the perilumenar Sertoli nuclei. Changes were observed in the immunostaining patterns of proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA), including subtle changes in cytoplasmic and overall intense immunostaining, labelled single and multinucleate cell (MNC) apoptotic spermatogonial masses in premeiotic cysts indifferent stages of the protracted death process.

Living an unfamiliar body: the significance of the long-term influence of bodily changes on the perception of self after stroke.

The aim of this study is to illuminate the significance of the long-term influence of bodily changes on the perception of self after stroke by means of narrative interviews with 23 stroke survivors. A phenomenological-hermeneutic approach inspired by the philosophy of Merleau-Ponty and Ricoeur is the methodological framework. Zahavi's understanding of the embodied self and Leder's concept of dys-appearance along with earlier research on identity guide the comprehensive understanding of the theme.

Coordination of spermatogenic processes in the testis: lessons from cystic spermatogenesis.

A common observation in the vertebrate testis is that new germ cell clones enter spermatogenesis proper before previously formed clones have completed their development. The extent to which the developmental advance of any given germ cell clone in any phase of spermatogenesis is dependent on that of neighboring clones and/or on the coordinating influence of associated Sertoli cells in the immediate vicinity or of others further away remains unclear. This review presents an overall synthesis of findings in an ancient vertebrate, the spiny dogfish shark and shows that, even at this phyletic level, the developmental advance of a given germ cell clone is the outcome of various processes emanating from its spatiotemporal relationship with (1) its own complement of Sertoli cells in the anatomically distinct spermatocyst and (2) Sertoli cells associated with other germ cell clones that lie upstream or downstream in the spermatogenic progression and that secrete, among others, androgen and estrogen destined for target sites upstream.

The long-term experience of family life after stroke.

Stroke is a life-threatening and disabling illness known to have a significant impact on families. The purpose of this study was to illuminate the long-term experience of family life after stroke of stroke survivors and their spouses and children, particularly regarding marital and parent-child relationships. Thirty-seven narrative interviews were conducted with stroke survivors and their spouses and adult children who were minors at onset of the illness.

Testicular degeneration during spermatogenesis in the blue shark, Prionace glauca: nonconformity with expression as seen in the diametric testes of other carcharhinids.

The elasmobranch testis consists of spherical spermatocysts, each housing a single germ cell stage and its own clone of Sertoli cells. Because of the simple diametrical arrangement of cysts in maturational order, the testes of Squalus acanthias, Scyliorhinus canicula, and Prionace glauca are classified as the diametric shark testis type. The aim of this study was to document histologically the spermatocyst composition in the blue shark stage-by-stage and to establish whether the diametric testis type confers any uniformity regarding the expression of spermatogenesis in all sharks with this testis type.

On making nursing undergraduate human reproductive physiology content meaningful and relevant: discussion of human pleasure in its biological context.

The traditional presentation of the Reproductive Physiology component in an Anatomy and Physiology course to nursing undergraduates focuses on the broad aspects of hormonal regulation of reproduction and gonadal anatomy, with the role of the higher centres of the brain omitted. An introductory discussion is proposed which could precede the lectures on the reproductive organs. The discussion gives an overview of the biological significance of human pleasure, the involvement of the neurotransmitter dopamine, and the role of pleasure in the survival of the individual and even species.

Patient rehabilitation in hospitals a prioritized discipline after hospital reform: a Norwegian perspective.

Aim: The purpose of the present study was to highlight the effects of hospital reform introduced in Norway 2002 on patient rehabilitation.

Background: The Norwegian hospital reform is an activity-controlled financing system with diagnosis-related groups (DRG).

Method: A multi-case study with embedded design methods was used.

Immunohistochemical study of nuclear changes associated with male germ cell death and spermiogenesis.

In a previous study on the effects of gestational and lactational exposure of para-nonylphenol on male rats, we noted in both induced and uninduced rats, that variations in cleaved caspase-3 immunostaining patterns were associated with distinct nuclear alterations in mainly basally located germ cells (spermatogonia and preleptotene spermatocytes). These were re-analysed and compared with cleaved caspase-3-labeled germ cells in the aging human and the spermatogenically active catfish testis. In the rat testes, cytoplasmic immunostaining was progressively associated with lateral compression of the nucleus, its break up into large pieces which can contain immunostained marginated chromatin masses.

Fetal bovine serum simultaneously stimulates apoptosis and DNA synthesis in premeiotic stages of spermatogenesis in spiny dogfish (Squalus acanthias) in vitro: modulation by androgen and spermatogenic activity status.

Using the simple cystic spermatogenesis in the shark testis as a model, we previously reported the relative resistance of immature spermatogonia (stem cell and early-stage spermatogonia) to apoptosis in the normal testis and after spermatoxicant exposure in vivo. Apoptosis was monitored by fluorescence image analysis of living cysts, using the validated acridine orange (AO) vital staining technique. Findings show that FBS simultaneously stimulates both apoptosis and [(3)H]thymidine incorporation in immature spermatogonial clones in a concentration-dependent manner in vitro.

Conformational structure of gaseous 3-chloropropanoyl chloride by electron diffraction, normal coordinate analysis, and ab initio molecular orbital, and density functional theory calculations.

The molecular and conformational structures of 3-chloropropanoyl chloride (CH(2)Cl-CH(2)-C(=O)Cl) have been studied by using gas-phase electron diffraction (GED) data obtained at 22 degrees C (295 K) and ab initio molecular orbital (MO) and density functional theory (DFT) calculations up to the levels of MP4(SDQ) and B3LYP using larger basis sets. Normal coordinate calculations (NCA) taking into account nonlinear vibrational effects were also used in the analyses. The title compound may have up to four low-energy conformers in the gas phase, labeled according to the position of each of the two chlorine atoms in relation to the CCC propanoyl backbone, labeling the carbonyl chlorine torsion angle first: AA, AG, GG, and GA; where A is anti (ideal C-C-C-Cl torsion angle of approximately 180 degrees) and G is gauche (ideal C-C-C-Cl torsion angle of approximately 60 degrees).