High-Salt Diet Has a Certain Impact on Protein Digestion and Gut Microbiota: A Sequencing and Proteome Combined Study.

High-salt diet has been considered to cause health problems, but it is still less known how high-salt diet affects gut microbiota, protein digestion, and passage in the digestive tract. In this study, C57BL/6J mice were fed low- or high-salt diets (0.25 vs.

Transgenic Centipedegrass ( [Munro] Hack.) Overexpressing -Adenosylmethionine Decarboxylase (SAMDC) Gene for Improved Cold Tolerance Through Involvement of HO and NO Signaling.

Centipedegrass ( [Munro] Hack.) is an important warm-season turfgrass species. Transgenic centipedgrass plants overexpressing from bermudagrass () that was induced in response to cold were generated in this study.

Heat Stress Reduces Sperm Motility via Activation of Glycogen Synthase Kinase-3α and Inhibition of Mitochondrial Protein Import.

The adverse effects of high environmental temperature exposure on animal reproductive functions have been concerned for many decades. However, the molecular basis of heat stress (HS)-induced decrease of sperm motility has not been entirely elucidated. We hypothesized that the deteriorate effects of HS may be mediated by damage of mitochondrial function and ATP synthesis.

Genetic Variability of 27 Traits in a Core Collection of Flax ( L.).

Assessment of genetic variability of plant core germplasm is needed for efficient germplasm utilization in breeding improvement. A total of 391 accessions of a flax core collection, which preserves the variation present in the world collection of 3,378 accessions maintained by Plant Gene Resources of Canada (PGRC) and represents a broad range of geographical origins, different improvement statuses and two morphotypes, was evaluated in field trials in up to 8 year-location environments for 10 agronomic, eight seed quality, six fiber and three disease resistance traits. The large phenotypic variation in this subset was explained by morphotypes (22%), geographical origins (11%), and other variance components (67%).

PCR and Omics Based Techniques to Study the Diversity, Ecology and Biology of Anaerobic Fungi: Insights, Challenges and Opportunities.

Anaerobic fungi (phylum Neocallimastigomycota) are common inhabitants of the digestive tract of mammalian herbivores, and in the rumen, can account for up to 20% of the microbial biomass. Anaerobic fungi play a primary role in the degradation of lignocellulosic plant material. They also have a syntrophic interaction with methanogenic archaea, which increases their fiber degradation activity.

Differential Characteristics of Viral siRNAs between Leaves and Roots of Wheat Plants Naturally Infected with Wheat Yellow Mosaic Virus, a Soil-Borne Virus.

RNA silencing is an important innate antiviral defense in plants. Soil-borne plant viruses naturally infect roots via soil-inhabiting vectors, but it is unclear how antiviral RNA silencing responds to virus infection in this particular tissue. In this study, viral small interfering RNA (siRNA) profiles from leaves and roots of wheat plants naturally infected with a soil-borne virus, wheat yellow mosaic virus (WYMV, genus ), were analyzed by deep sequencing.

Metabolic Pathways Involved in Carbon Dioxide Enhanced Heat Tolerance in Bermudagrass.

Global climate changes involve elevated temperature and CO concentration, imposing significant impact on plant growth of various plant species. Elevated temperature exacerbates heat damages, but elevated CO has positive effects on promoting plant growth and heat tolerance. The objective of this study was to identify metabolic pathways affected by elevated CO conferring the improvement of heat tolerance in a C perennial grass species, bermudagrass ( Pers.

Microbiome-Metabolome Responses to a High-Grain Diet Associated with the Hind-Gut Health of Goats.

Studies on the effect of a high-concentrate (HC) diet on the hindgut microbiota and metabolome of ruminants are rarely reported. We used 454 pyrosequencing of 16S rDNA genes and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry to evaluate the effects of long-term feeding (HL) or short-term (HS) feeding of an HC diet on changes in bacterial microbiota and their metabolites in the hindgut, with Guanzhong goat as a ruminant model. Results indicated that an HC diet decreased bacterial diversity and induced metabolic disorder in the hindgut.

Bacterial Wilt in China: History, Current Status, and Future Perspectives.

Bacterial wilt caused by plant pathogenic spp. is one of the most important diseases affecting the production of many important crops worldwide. In China, a large scientific community has been dedicated to studying bacterial wilt and its causative agent, and .

A Novel Vector for Construction of Markerless Multicopy Overexpression Transformants in .

is widely used as a platform for heterologous protein expression because of its high volumetric productivity. Multicopy integration of the target gene is commonly used to improve the production of the target protein. Cre/ recombination system is a powerful tool for the marker rescue during multiple integrations with one selection marker.

Development of a Critical Nitrogen Dilution Curve Based on Leaf Area Duration in Wheat.

Precise quantification of plant nitrogen (N) nutrition status is essential for crop N management. The concept of critical N concentration (Nc) has been widely used for assessment of plant N status. This study aimed to develop a new winter wheat Nc dilution curve based on leaf area duration (LAD).

Recent Research Progress in China on .

is one of the most important parasites of ruminants with worldwide distribution that can bring huge economic losses to the breeding industry of cattle, sheep, and goats. In recent 20 years, studies on in China mainly focused on the epidemiology, population genetics, anthelmintic resistance, structural and functional studies of important genes regulating the development of this parasite, interaction between parasite molecules and host cells and vaccine development against haemonchosis, and achieved good progress. However, there is no systematic review about the studies by Chinese researchers on in China.

Analysis of Microbial Functions in the Rhizosphere Using a Metabolic-Network Based Framework for Metagenomics Interpretation.

Advances in metagenomics enable high resolution description of complex bacterial communities in their natural environments. Consequently, conceptual approaches for community level functional analysis are in high need. Here, we introduce a framework for a metagenomics-based analysis of community functions.

Hydrogen Peroxide Is Involved in -Cyclodextrin-hemin Complex-Induced Lateral Root Formation in Tomato Seedlings.

Although previous results showed that -cyclodextrin-hemin complex (-CDH) could induce tomato lateral root (LR) formation, the corresponding downstream messengers are still not fully understood. In this report, similar to the inducing effects of exogenously applied hydrogen peroxide (HO), we discovered that -CDH elicited transcript upregulation, endogenous HO accumulation, and thereafter tomato LR development. Above responses were sensitive to dimethylthiourea (DMTU) and ascorbic acid (AsA), two membrane-permeable scavengers of HO, showing that accumulation of HO and LR formation were significantly blocked.

Transcriptional Regulation of Brassinosteroid Accumulation during Carrot Development and the Potential Role of Brassinosteroids in Petiole Elongation.

It is widely known that brassinosteroids (BRs) are involved in various physiological processes during plant growth and development. Roles of BRs have been reported in many plants. However, relevant report is yet not found in carrot.

, Belonging to the Type I Restriction-Modification System, Contributes to the Serotype 2 Survival Ability in Phagocytes.

serotype 2 (SS2) is an important zoonotic agent in swine and humans. Anti-phagocytosis and survival in phagocytic cells and whole blood is essential for bacteria to be pathogenic. In this study, the host specificity determinant specificity subunit (coded by ) of the Type I Restriction-Modification system and two peptidoglycan-binding proteins (coded by and ', respectively), which were simultaneously found to be subjected to transcript-level influence by , were identified to facilitate the anti-phagocytosis of SS2 to a microglia cell line BV2.

Aluminum Complexation with Malate within the Root Apoplast Differs between Aluminum Resistant and Sensitive Wheat Lines.

In wheat (), it is commonly assumed that Al is detoxified by the release of organic anions into the rhizosphere, but it is also possible that detoxification occurs within the apoplast and symplast of the root itself. Using Al-resistant (ET8) and Al-sensitive (ES8) near-isogenic lines of wheat, we utilized traditional and synchrotron-based approaches to provide analyses of the distribution and speciation of Al within root tissues. Some Al appeared to be complexed external to the root, in agreement with the common assumption.

Comparative Study on Reagents Involved in Grape Bud Break and Their Effects on Different Metabolites and Related Gene Expression during Winter.

To elucidate promoting and inhibiting effects of hydrogen cynamide (HC) and abscisic acid (ABA) on quiescence release of grape buds, physiological and molecular approaches were used to explore the mechanisms of quiescence based on metabolic and gene expression analysis. Physiological and molecular mechanisms involved in bud quiescence of grape were studied before and after application of HC, ABA, and ABA-HC. The data showed that ABA inhibited proclamation of quiescence in grape buds and attenuated the influence of HC.

Beef, Chicken, and Soy Proteins in Diets Induce Different Gut Microbiota and Metabolites in Rats.

Previous studies have paid much attention to the associations between high intake of meat and host health. Our previous study showed that the intake of meat proteins can maintain a more balanced composition of gut bacteria as compared to soy protein diet. However, the associations between dietary protein source, gut bacteria, and host health were still unclear.

Tetracycline Resistance Genes Identified from Distinct Soil Environments in China by Functional Metagenomics.

Soil microbiota represents one of the ancient evolutionary origins of antibiotic resistance and has been increasingly recognized as a potentially vast unstudied reservoir of resistance genes with possibilities to exchange with pathogens. Tetracycline resistance is one of the most abundant antibiotic resistances that may transfer among clinical and commensal microorganisms. To investigate tetracycline resistance genes from soil bacteria in different habitats, we performed functional analysis of three metagenomic libraries derived from soil samples collected from Yunnan, Sichuan, and Tibet, respectively, in China.

Effects of Recombinant Citrate Synthase I on the Cellular Functions of Murine Macrophages .

Toxoplasmosis, which is one of the most widespread zoonoses worldwide, has a high incidence and infection can result in severe disease in humans and livestock. Citrate synthase (CS) is a component of nearly all living cells that plays a vital role in the citric acid cycle, which is the central metabolic pathway of aerobic organisms. In the present study, the citrate synthase I gene of (TgCSI) was cloned and characterized.

Nitric Oxide and Hydrogen Peroxide Mediate Wounding-Induced Freezing Tolerance through Modifications in Photosystem and Antioxidant System in Wheat.

Mechanical wounding is a common stress caused by herbivores or manual and natural manipulations, whereas its roles in acclimation response to a wide spectrum of abiotic stresses remain unclear. The present work showed that local mechanical wounding enhanced freezing tolerance in untreated systemic leaves of wheat plants ( L.), and meanwhile the signal molecules hydrogen peroxide (HO) and nitric oxide (NO) were accumulated systemically.

Coordinated Regulation of Anthocyanin Biosynthesis Genes Confers Varied Phenotypic and Spatial-Temporal Anthocyanin Accumulation in Radish ( L.).

Anthocyanins are natural pigments that have important functions in plant growth and development. Radish taproots are rich in anthocyanins which confer different taproot colors and are potentially beneficial to human health. The crop differentially accumulates anthocyanin during various stages of growth, yet molecular mechanisms underlying this differential anthocyanin accumulation remains unknown.

Heterologous Expression of Confers Enhanced Salt Tolerance of Soybean Cotyledon Hairy Roots, Composite, and Whole Plants.

The gene was previously demonstrated to have high water channel activity by its heterologous expression in oocytes and in yeast; it also plays a significant role in growth of transgenic plants under favorable conditions and has enhanced tolerance toward salt and drought treatment. In this work, we first investigated the physiological effects of heterologous expression in soybean cotyledon hairy roots or composite plants mediated by toward enhanced salt tolerance. The transgenic soybean plants mediated by the pollen tube pathway, represented by the lines N and J11, were analyzed at the physiological and molecular levels for enhanced salt tolerance.

Unraveling the Root Proteome Changes and Its Relationship to Molecular Mechanism Underlying Salt Stress Response in Radish ( L.).

To understand the molecular mechanism underlying salt stress response in radish, iTRAQ-based proteomic analysis was conducted to investigate the differences in protein species abundance under different salt treatments. In total, 851, 706, and 685 differential abundance protein species (DAPS) were identified between CK vs. Na100, CK vs.