Extrapulmonary drug-resistant tuberculosis at a drug-resistant tuberculosis center, Mumbai: Our experience - Hope in the midst of despair!

Background: Drug-resistant tuberculosis (DR-TB) is a global problem with only 52% reported cure rate. Extrapulmonary (EP) DR-TB poses a formidable diagnostic, therapeutic challenge. We aimed to study their clinical profile and treatment outcomes under the programmatic setting.

Immature Teratoma of Nasal Septum: A Case Report.

Introduction: Teratomas are neoplastic tumors derived from totipotent germ cells containing a wide assortment of tissues originating from all three germ cell layers. Teratomas can be mature or immature depending on the presence of immature tissues; typically neuroepithelial tissue. Immature teratomas can be oncologically benign or malignant, and can be divided into three grades with increasingly aggressive biological behavior.

Efficacy of compared to , , and sodium hypochlorite when used as root canal irrigants against and : An antimicrobial study.

Aim: The aim is to test the antimicrobial activity of , (neem), and (curcumin) as a root canal irrigant, against and using agar diffusion test. Sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) served as a standard control for comparisons.

Materials And Methods: The bacterial strains of and culture were grown overnight (18-20 h) in the brain heart infusion broth at 37°C and inoculated in Mueller-Hinton agar plates.

Immunohistochemical characterization of stem cell and differentiation markers of the dental pulp of human natal teeth.

Aim: Dental pulp stem cells, which are primarily derived from the pulp tissues of human teeth, have rarely been obtained from natal teeth. This study investigated the stem cell and differentiation markers of the dental pulp of natal teeth using immunohistochemistry.

Materials & Methods: The pulp tissue from extracted natal teeth (n = 2) of a 20-day-old healthy male was examined for immunohistochemical expression of stem cell (Oct-4 and SOX 2) and differentiation markers (Nestin, CD 44, desmin, osteopontin and Ki- 67).

Comparative Assessment of Cephalometric and Tympanometric Readings in Down Syndrome.

Aim  The purpose of this study was to conduct a comparative assessment of the various cephalometric and auditory parameters between patients with Down syndrome (DS) and healthy controls. Methods The cephalometric and auditory parameters were divided among 50 participants into two equal sets, DS (= 25) and controls (n=25), and assessed. While a standard cephalometric analysis was conducted to measure the hard tissue parameters, tympanometry was used to assess the audiological parameters.

Study of Internet addiction in children with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder and normal control.

Background: In the current era, the use of electronic media in the form of Internet has increased exponentially, particularly among children, and has led to their excessive involvement in Internet. In this context, attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) children were found to have increased tendency for this addiction.

Aims And Objectives: The aim is to study and compare Internet addiction between ADHD and normal children and the relation of demographic profile to Internet addiction.

Utility of para-aminosalicylic acid in drug-resistant tuberculosis: Should it be classified as Group D3 or Group C?

Background: The World Health Organization drug-resistant tuberculosis (DR-TB) 2016 guidelines reclassified para-aminosalicylic acid (PAS) as Group D3 "add-on" drug. We studied our DR-TB data wherein PAS was widely and preferably used as a substitute in the standardized regimen in varied situations and report its utility in DR-TB.

Methodology: This retrospective observational study enrolled both pulmonary and extrapulmonary DR-TB patients receiving PAS in the programmatic management of DR-TB from March 2012 to June 2013.

Intraoperative Manipulation of Bony Segments: An Innovative Method.

Introduction: Various methods are deployed by an oral and maxillofacial surgeon to control the osteotomised/ fractured bony segments intraoperatively till the time a stable fixation in the desired position is achieved. Few of these include the use of bone holding crocodile forceps, towel clips, reduction forceps, wires, digital control (Thota and Mitchell in Br J Orthod 26(4):325, 1999). In our technique, we present the use of an IMF screw to manipulate bony segments intraoperatively.

Pre-arthroplastic mandibular distraction osteogenesis for the correction of OSA in TMJ ankylosis: a prospective observational study of 25 cases.

Introduction: In severe TMJ ankylosis cases, the lack of growth of the mandible creates an anatomically narrow airway with a reduced pharyngeal airway space [PAS] which predisposes these patients towards obstructive apnoea [OSA]. There is evidence in the literature that such patients experience severe discomfort during physiotherapy if such airway abnormalities are not corrected prior to ankylosis release. This eventually leads to non-compliance towards physiotherapy and increases the risk of re-ankylosis.

Versatility of uniplanar prearthoplastic distraction osteogenesis in the correction of post-ankylosis facial deformities-a report of five different cases.

Purpose: Unilateral or bilateral ankylosis can lead to severe micrognathia and facial deformity that requires multiple, often, staged surgical corrections. To date, there is no ideal treatment modality that satisfactorily corrects the complex anatomy, restores the ramal height, and corrects the micrognathia and microgenia. Distraction osteogenesis has been acclaimed as a successful modality for the treatment of such deformities.

Chronic vulvovaginitis caused by Candida dubliniensis in an immunologically competent adult female.

Candida, a commensal dimorphic fungus, is the most common microorganism that causes opportunistic fungal infections worldwide. It can cause diseases ranging from superficial mucosal infections to disseminated, systemic life-threatening infections. Among Candida species, Candida albicans is the most common infectious agent.

Use of pigtail catheter and urosac: Numero uno for ambulatory chest drainage!

Background: Intercostal chest drainage is required for varied lung diseases with the pleural involvement. While the conventional method of intercostal drainage (ICD) insertion with the bulky underwater drain (UWD) was the gold standard for management, it had numerous disadvantages. It was time and again challenged with better ambulatory methods, although the documentation and continued use of the same are rare in practice.

Juvenile Hyaline Fibromatosis.

Syndromes, especially if they occur early in the growth phase can be very debilitating and cause severe restriction of function. Juvenile hyaline fibromatosis is one such disorder. Our case report presents a girl child who was diagnosed with this debilitating condition.

Diagnostic Value of Extraoral Periapical Radiograph in Comparison to Intraoral Periapical Radiograph: A Cross-sectional, Institutional Study.

Background: Radiographs form an invaluable adjunct in diagnosis, treatment planning, and postoperative evaluation during patient management in the dental office where intraoral periapical (IOPA) radiographs are the ones most commonly used. However, certain conditions render the placement of film difficult. In such cases, a panoramic radiograph may be taken, but it has the disadvantage of higher radiation exposure and cost.

Case series of genital tuberculosis.

Genital tuberculosis (TB) is a rare, comprising <0.5% cases of extrapulmonary TB. Among cases of genitourinary TB, glandular TB is even rarer.

Longitudinal Typhoid Fever Trends in India from 2000 to 2015.

A very high incidence of typhoid was described in studies conducted in urban locations on the Indian subcontinent at the end of the twentieth century. Despite their availability, licensed immunogenic conjugate typhoid vaccines have not been introduced in the national immunization program, in part, because of a lack of understanding of where and for whom prevention is most necessary. Uncertainty regarding the burden of disease is based on the lack of reliable, recent estimates of culture-confirmed typhoid and an observed trend of low isolations of Typhi and fewer complications at large referral hospitals in India.

A modified technique for single-step border molding.

The sectional and the single-step are techniques for border molding. Even though the sectional technique is routinely taught in dental schools in the United States, and is followed by a large number of general dental practitioners, it is not without disadvantages. Common problems associated with the sectional technique include its time-consuming nature and the difficulty in mastering it because of the short manipulation time of the impression compound modeling plastic.

Cone-beam computed tomographic and histological investigation of regenerative endodontic procedure in an immature mandibular second premolar with chronic apical abscess.

Aim: The aim of the present study was to investigate the tissue generated after regenerative endodontic procedure (REP) in the root canal space of an immature mandibular second premolar with pulp necrosis and chronic apical abscess using cone-beam computed tomographic (CBCT) and histological methods.

Methods: REP was performed in an immature mandibular second premolar. At the 3-year follow up, CBCT scans were taken to evaluate the outcome of treatment.

Do additional colonoscopic biopsies increase the yield of Mycobacterium tuberculosis culture in suspected ileo-colonic tuberculosis?

Background: Isolation of Mycobacterium tuberculosis on culture is vital for differentiating intestinal tuberculosis (ITB) from Crohn's disease (when histology is not diagnostic) and for diagnosis of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis. The current yield of TB culture (< 50%) from colonoscopic biopsy tissue is not satisfactory.

Aim: To determine whether more colonoscopic biopsies can increase the yield of TB culture in patients with ITB.

Dandy-Walker Syndrome with Giant Cell Lesions and Cherubism.

It has been very aptly quoted, "Variety is the spice of life"; and so variations exist in all forms and kinds good or bad, and for the worst or the best! Mother nature in all her glory and beauty has been very generous, but what when she fails to provide? It is this very character of nature that gives us variations which sometimes manifest in a cruel way on the human body and gives us the eponym of syndromes. Dandy-Walker malformation is an abnormality of the central nervous system, which leads to hydrocephalus and is associated with other abnormalities. Neurologic symptoms are the norm in afflicted patients due to the inherent nature of the disease in that it affects the very center of human function-the brain.