Evaluation of a Home-Printable Vision Screening Test for Telemedicine.

Importance: Many ophthalmology appointments have been converted to telemedicine assessments. The use of a printed vision chart for ophthalmology telemedicine appointments that can be used by people who are excluded from digital testing has yet to be validated.

Objectives: To evaluate the repeatability of visual acuity measured using the Home Acuity Test (HAT) and the agreement between the HAT and the last in-clinic visual acuity.

Choroidal macrovessels: multimodal imaging findings and review of the literature.

Background/aims: To describe clinical and multimodal imaging features in a cohort of choroidal macrovessels.

Methods: Demographics and multimodal imaging features of 16 eyes of 13 patients with choroidal macrovessels were reviewed. The multimodal imaging included colour fundus photography, fundus autofluorescence (FAF), spectral domain enhanced depth imaging optical coherence tomography (OCT), en face OCT, OCT-angiography (OCT-A), B-scan ultrasonography (US), fluorescein angiography (FFA) and indocyanine green angiography (ICGA).

A Novel Approach to Quantify Environmental Risk Factors of Myopia: Combination of Wearable Devices and Big Data Science.

Purpose: To develop a practical approach to quantify the exposure to environmental risk factors of myopia.

Methods: In total, 179 children (age, mean ± standard deviation [SD] 9.17 ± 0.

Multi-meridian corneal imaging of air-puff induced deformation for improved detection of biomechanical abnormalities.

Corneal biomechanics play a fundamental role in the genesis and progression of corneal pathologies, such as keratoconus; in corneal remodeling after corneal surgery; and in affecting the measurement accuracy of glaucoma biomarkers, such as the intraocular pressure (IOP). Air-puff induced corneal deformation imaging reveals information highlighting normal and pathological corneal response to a non-contact mechanical excitation. However, current commercial systems are limited to monitoring corneal deformation only on one corneal meridian.

The natural history of conjunctival naevi in children and adolescents.

Objective: The objective of this study is to characterise the natural history of conjunctival naevi in a paediatric and adolescent population.

Methods: All children and adolescents referred to Moorfields Ocular Oncology Service for evaluation between January 2015 and 2020 were included. Exclusion criteria included age >20 years old and lack of anterior segment photographs.

Retinal blood flow in critical illness and systemic disease: a review.

Background: Assessment and maintenance of end-organ perfusion are key to resuscitation in critical illness, although there are limited direct methods or proxy measures to assess cerebral perfusion. Novel non-invasive methods of monitoring microcirculation in critically ill patients offer the potential for real-time updates to improve patient outcomes.

Main Body: Parallel mechanisms autoregulate retinal and cerebral microcirculation to maintain blood flow to meet metabolic demands across a range of perfusion pressures.

An Artificial Intelligence Approach to the Assessment of Abnormal Lid Position.

New artificial intelligence (AI) approaches to facial analysis show promise in the clinical evaluation of abnormal lid position. This could allow more naturalistic, quantitative, and automated assessment of lid position. The aim of this article was to determine whether OpenFace, an AI approach to real-time facial landmarking and analysis, can extract clinically useful measurements from images of patients before and after ptosis correction.

Optical coherence tomography in the 2020s-outside the eye clinic.

Optical coherence tomography (OCT) is a paragon of success in the translation of biophotonics science to clinical practice. OCT systems have become ubiquitous in eye clinics but access beyond this is limited by their cost, size and the skill required to operate the devices. Remarkable progress has been made in the development of OCT technology to improve the speed of acquisition, the quality of images and into functional extensions of OCT such as OCT angiography.

Artificial Intelligence Algorithms to Diagnose Glaucoma and Detect Glaucoma Progression: Translation to Clinical Practice.

Purpose: This concise review aims to explore the potential for the clinical implementation of artificial intelligence (AI) strategies for detecting glaucoma and monitoring glaucoma progression.

Methods: Nonsystematic literature review using the search combinations "Artificial Intelligence," "Deep Learning," "Machine Learning," "Neural Networks," "Bayesian Networks," "Glaucoma Diagnosis," and "Glaucoma Progression." Information on sensitivity and specificity regarding glaucoma diagnosis and progression analysis as well as methodological details were extracted.

Outcomes of intravitreal methotrexate to salvage eyes with relapsed primary intraocular lymphoma.

Purpose: To report the outcomes of intravitreal methotrexate (MTX) injections to rescue eyes with relapsed primary intraocular lymphoma (PIOL).

Methods: Retrospective case series of patients with ocular relapse of PIOL who had initially received systemic chemotherapy (all five cases) and external beam radiotherapy (EBRT) to brain and orbits (two cases). Injections of MTX (400 µg/0.

Visual impairment and ten-year mortality: the Liwan Eye Study.

Objectives: To explore associations between visual impairment (VI) and mortality in an adult population in urban China.

Methods: The Liwan Eye Study was a population-based prevalence survey conducted in Guangzhou, Southern China. The baseline examination was carried out in 2003.

Noninvasive Instrument-based Tests for Detecting and Measuring Vitreous Inflammation in Uveitis: A Systematic Review.

Purpose: This systematic review aims to identify instrument-based tests for quantifying vitreous inflammation in uveitis, report the test reliability and the level of correlation with clinician grading.

Methods: Studies describing instrument-based tests for detecting vitreous inflammation were identified by searching bibliographic databases and trials registers. Test reliability measures and level of correlation with clinician vitreous haze grading are extracted.

Adjuvant External Beam Radiotherapy Following Enucleation of Eyes With Extraocular Extension From Uveal Melanoma.

Purpose: To report local disease control and all-cause mortality in patients with extraocular extension (EOE) of uveal melanoma undergoing enucleation followed by observation or external beam radiotherapy (EBRT).

Methods: Charts of patients enucleated between January 1, 1997 and December 31, 2019, with histopathological evidence of EOE of uveal melanoma were reviewed.

Results: The cohort comprised 51 patients with a mean age of 67 ± 15 years, 22 (43%) of whom underwent adjuvant postenucleation EBRT.

Can Psychophysics Be Fun? Exploring the Feasibility of a Gamified Contrast Sensitivity Function Measure in Amblyopic Children Aged 4-9 Years.

Routine assessments of the Contrast Sensitivity Function [CSF] could be useful for the diagnosis and monitoring of amblyopia. However, current CSF measures are not clinically practical, as they are too slow, too boring, and too uncomfortable to sustain a young child's interest. Here we assess the feasibility of a more gamified approach to CSF testing, in which a maximum likelihood psychophysical algorithm (QUEST+) is combined with a largely unconstrained user interface (no fixation target, head restraints, or discrete trials).

Fluid-Structure Interaction Based Algorithms for IOP and Corneal Material Behavior.

This paper presents and clinically validates two algorithms for estimating intraocular pressure (IOP) and corneal material behavior using numerical models that consider the fluid-structure interaction between the cornea and the air-puff used in non-contact tonometry. A novel multi-physics fluid-structure interaction model of the air-puff test was employed in a parametric numerical study simulating human eyes under air-puff pressure with a wide range of central corneal thickness (CCT = 445-645 μm), curvature ( = 7.4-8.

Quantitative Analysis of OCT for Neovascular Age-Related Macular Degeneration Using Deep Learning.

Purpose: To apply a deep learning algorithm for automated, objective, and comprehensive quantification of OCT scans to a large real-world dataset of eyes with neovascular age-related macular degeneration (AMD) and make the raw segmentation output data openly available for further research.

Design: Retrospective analysis of OCT images from the Moorfields Eye Hospital AMD Database.

Participants: A total of 2473 first-treated eyes and 493 second-treated eyes that commenced therapy for neovascular AMD between June 2012 and June 2017.

Digital technology, tele-medicine and artificial intelligence in ophthalmology: A global perspective.

The simultaneous maturation of multiple digital and telecommunications technologies in 2020 has created an unprecedented opportunity for ophthalmology to adapt to new models of care using tele-health supported by digital innovations. These digital innovations include artificial intelligence (AI), 5th generation (5G) telecommunication networks and the Internet of Things (IoT), creating an inter-dependent ecosystem offering opportunities to develop new models of eye care addressing the challenges of COVID-19 and beyond. Ophthalmology has thrived in some of these areas partly due to its many image-based investigations.

Long-term Outcomes of Small Pigmented Choroidal Melanoma Treated with Primary Photodynamic Therapy.

Purpose: To report the long-term outcomes of patients with small, pigmented, posteriorly located choroidal melanoma undergoing primary treatment using photodynamic therapy (PDT) with verteporfin at the London Ocular Oncology Service.

Design: Retrospective, interventional, consecutive case series.

Participants: All patients undergoing primary treatment using PDT with verteporfin from April 2014 to December 2015 and followed until December 2019.

Everyday visual demands of people with low vision: A mixed methods real-life recording study.

Research has demonstrated that low vison aids (LVAs) can have a positive impact on the functional sight of those living with sight loss. Step changes in technology are now enabling new wearable LVAs with greater potential than those available previously. For these novel devices to receive increased acceptance and therefore adoption by those with sight loss, visual task demands have to be understood more clearly in order to enable better alignment between device design and user requirements.

Prognostic Information for Known Genetic Carriers of RB1 Pathogenic Variants (Germline and Mosaic).

Purpose: To compare the number of tumors per eye for mosaic carriers of RB1 pathogenic variants with full germline variants and the conversion from unilateral to bilateral disease.

Design: Retrospective cohort study comparing patients with retinoblastoma and different genetic subtypes: high penetrance (HP), low penetrance (LP), and mosaicism.

Participants: Data were analyzed between 1992 and 2018 at the Retinoblastoma Unit, Royal London Hospital, London, United Kingdom.

Corneal Endothelial Cell Loss after Baerveldt Glaucoma Implant Surgery.

Purpose: To evaluate risk factors for corneal endothelial cell density (ECD) loss after Baerveldt glaucoma implant (BGI) insertion.

Design: Prospective cohort study.

Participants: Seventy-two patients (72 eyes) with glaucoma.

Videographic Analysis of Blink Dynamics following Upper Eyelid Blepharoplasty and Its Association with Dry Eye.

Unlabelled: This study was undertaken to characterize the effects of upper eyelid blepharoplasty on blink dynamics and to evaluate the hypothesis that changes in blink dynamics following blepharoplasty are associated with postoperative dry eye.

Methods: The voluntary blink of 14 eyes of 7 patients with dermatochalasis undergoing upper eyelid blepharoplasty was recorded with a high-speed camera preoperatively and 6-8 months postoperatively, alongside a group of 11 controls. The images were analyzed for palpebral aperture, blink duration, and maximum velocity during opening and closing phases.

Biomechanical Effects of Two Forms of PGF2α on Ex-vivo Rabbit Cornea.

Purpose: To investigate the biomechanical effects of two synthetic prostaglandin F2α analogues (PGF2α), namely Travoprost and Tafluprost, on the ex-vivo rabbit cornea.

Materials And Methods: Ninety-six eyes of 48 Japanese white rabbits were divided into 3 equal groups randomly; the Travoprost treated group (Tra), the Tafluprost treated group (Taf) and the control group (Co). Eyes in Tra and Taf groups were preserved in storage medium for 10 days with 1:10 Travoprost and Tafluprost diluents, respectively; while the Co eyes were preserved in a similar but PGF2α-free medium.

Characterization of cone size and centre in keratoconic corneas.

A novel method to locate the centre of keratoconus (KC) and the transition zone between the pathological area and the rest of the corneal tissue is proposed in this study. A spherical coordinate system was used to generate a spherical height map measured relative to the centre of the optimal sphere fit, and normal to the surface. The cone centre was defined as the point with the maximum height.