Bone health, activity and sedentariness at age 11-12 years: Cross-sectional Australian population-derived study.

Aim: To examine cross-sectional associations of children's bone health (size, density, strength) with moderate-vigorous physical activity (MVPA) and sedentary behaviour by considering: (1) duration of activity, (2) fragmentation, and (3) duration/fragmentation combined.

Methods: Design: Population-based cross-sectional study.

Participants: 11-12 year-olds in the Longitudinal Study of Australian Children's Child Health CheckPoint.

Long-term urinary symptoms in adolescent and adult women with congenital adrenal hyperplasia.

Background: Congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH) is an autosomal recessive condition resulting in excess androgen production. Females are typically born with ambiguous genitalia and often undergo feminising genitoplasty in infancy or childhood. Recently, there has been considerable international debate as to whether distressing urinary symptoms in CAH patients are truly present and, if so, whether these urinary problems are a consequence of the feminising genitoplasty.

Preliminary Development of the Food Allergy Coping and Emotions Questionnaires for Children, Adolescents, and Young People: Qualitative Analysis of Data on IgE-Mediated Food Allergy from Five Countries.

Background: We have previously developed a food allergy-specific developmental model, that explained emotions and coping styles, among children aged 6 to 15years in Ireland.

Objective: The objective of this study was to investigate the usefulness of the developmental model in a large multicountry data set, including any mediators of coping style, and to use the findings to generate an item pool that will form the basis for 3 age-appropriate self-report questionnaires to measure coping and emotions.

Methods: We conducted deductive thematic analysis on secondary data from interviews with 274 participants aged 6 to 23 years, and 119 parents from Australia, Ireland, Italy, the UK, and the USA.

Child and Adolescent Mortality Across Malaysia's Epidemiological Transition: A Systematic Analysis of Global Burden of Disease Data.

Purpose: A rapid epidemiological transition in developing countries in Southeast Asia has been accompanied by major shifts in the health status of children and adolescents. In this article, mortality estimates in Malaysian children and adolescents from 1990 to 2013 are used to illustrate these changes.

Methods: All-cause and cause-specific mortality estimates were obtained from the 2013 Global Burden of Disease Study.

Disseminated intravascular coagulation in paediatrics.

Disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) in paediatrics is associated with significant morbidity and mortality. Although there have been several recent advances in the pathophysiology of DIC, most of these studies were done in adults. Since the haemostatic system is very different in early life and changes dramatically with age, creating a variety of challenges for the clinician, delay in the diagnosis of DIC can happen until overt DIC is evident.

[Study on polymorphisms of genes with susceptibility to drug induced liver injury in a cohort receiving anti-tuberculosis treatment].

Objective: To investigate the association between the polymorphisms of genes involving in drug metabolism and transport as well as immunological reaction and the risk of anti-tuberculosis drug-induced liver injury(ATLI)in Chinese.

Methods: This 1∶4 matched case-control study was conducted by using the data from a cohort study of Anti-tuberculosis Drugs Induced Adverse Reactions in National Tuberculosis Prevention and Control Progtam of China. Genes involving in three phase of drug metabolism and transport as well as related immunological reaction were chosen and single nucleotide polymorphisms(SNPs)were genotyped by TaqMan allele discrimination technology.

Predicted Coverage and Immuno-Safety of a Recombinant C-Repeat Region Based Streptococcus pyogenes Vaccine Candidate.

The C-terminal region of the M-protein of Streptococcus pyogenes is a major target for vaccine development. The major feature is the C-repeat region, consisting of 35-42 amino acid repeat units that display high but not perfect identity. SV1 is a S.

Clinical and functional differences between early-onset and late-onset adult asthma: a population-based Tasmanian Longitudinal Health Study.

Background: Differences between early-onset and late-onset adult asthma have not been comprehensively described using prospective data.

Aims: To characterise the differences between early-onset and late-onset asthma in a longitudinal cohort study.

Methods: The Tasmanian Longitudinal Health Study (TAHS) is a population-based cohort.

Common variants in CACNA1C and MDD susceptibility: A comprehensive meta-analysis.

Major depressive disorder (MDD) is one of the most common psychiatric disorders with a relatively high heritability (35-40%). Though rs1006737 in the CACNA1C gene showed significant association with MDD in a British large-scale candidate association study, most of the replication analyses with relatively small sample size reported negative association. Moreover, this locus has never been identified in previous genome-wide association studies (GWAS) for MDD.

Identifying Individuals at High Risk of Psychosis: Predictive Utility of Support Vector Machine using Structural and Functional MRI Data.

The identification of individuals at high risk of developing psychosis is entirely based on clinical assessment, associated with limited predictive potential. There is, therefore, increasing interest in the development of biological markers that could be used in clinical practice for this purpose. We studied 25 individuals with an at-risk mental state for psychosis and 25 healthy controls using structural MRI, and functional MRI in conjunction with a verbal memory task.

A new suction mask to reduce leak during neonatal resuscitation: a manikin study.

Objective: Leak around the face mask is a common problem during neonatal resuscitation. A newly designed face mask using a suction system to enhance contact between the mask and the infant's face might reduce leak and improve neonatal resuscitation. The aim of the study is to determine whether leak is reduced using the suction mask (Resusi-sure mask) compared with a conventional mask (Laerdal Silicone mask) in a manikin model.

Epileptic encephalopathy: Use and misuse of a clinically and conceptually important concept.

The term epileptic encephalopathy (EE) denotes a process by which epileptic activity adversely affects brain function over and above the underlying etiology. Underlying mechanisms are poorly understood, but recent studies demonstrate that seizures and interictal epileptiform discharges can disrupt distributed neural networks that underpin cognitive functions, both temporarily and permanently. EE is just one of a number of factors that can affect development in epilepsy.

The Combined Effect of Common Genetic Risk Variants on Circulating Lipoproteins Is Evident in Childhood: A Longitudinal Analysis of the Cardiovascular Risk in Young Finns Study.

Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), and triglycerides (TG) are modifiable risk factors for cardiovascular disease. Several genetic loci for predisposition to abnormal LDL-C, HDL-C and TG have been identified. However, it remains unclear whether these loci are consistently associated with serum lipid levels at each age or with unique developmental trajectories.

Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and its perioperative management.

Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is now diagnosed in more than 1 in 100 children, so it is not surprising that anesthetists are increasingly providing care for children with this diagnosis. The diagnostic classification for ASD has recently changed and our understanding of the causes and management of ASD are also changing rapidly. This review provides a timely update to increase understanding and awareness of the problems that children with ASD experience, and to minimize perioperative problems.

Exhaled carbon dioxide in healthy term infants immediately after birth.

Objective: To measure exhaled carbon dioxide (ECO2) in term infants immediately after birth.

Study Design: Infants >37 weeks gestation born at The Royal Women's Hospital, Melbourne, Australia were eligible. A combined flow sensor and mainstream carbon dioxide (CO2) analyzer was placed in series proximal to a facemask to measure ECO2 and tidal volumes in the first 120 seconds after birth.

Cardiovascular manifestations of HIV infection in children.

Background: HIV infection in children is now considered as a chronic condition, in which various non-infectious complications may occur, including those affecting the developing cardiovascular system. As children are expected to survive well into adulthood, understanding childhood as well as potential future cardiovascular complications is of major importance.

Methods And Results: We reviewed published literature on childhood cardiac manifestations and longer term effects of pediatric HIV infection on the cardiovascular system.

A descriptive study of nosocomial infections in an adult intensive care unit in fiji: 2011-12.

Nosocomial infections in an intensive care unit (ICU) are common and associated with a high mortality but there are no published data from the Oceania region. A retrospective study in Fiji's largest ICU (2011-12) reported that 114 of a total 663 adult ICU admissions had bacteriological culture-confirmed nosocomial infection. The commonest sites of infection were respiratory and bloodstream.

How very young men who have sex with men view vaccination against human papillomavirus.

Background: HPV vaccination of men who have sex with men (MSM) prior to the commencement of sexual activity would have the maximum impact on preventing HPV and anal cancer in this population. However, knowledge and attitudes towards HPV vaccination among very young MSM have not been previously studied.

Methods: Two hundred MSM aged 16 to 20 were recruited via community and other sources.

A systematic and functional classification of Streptococcus pyogenes that serves as a new tool for molecular typing and vaccine development.

Streptococcus pyogenes ranks among the main causes of mortality from bacterial infections worldwide. Currently there is no vaccine to prevent diseases such as rheumatic heart disease and invasive streptococcal infection. The streptococcal M protein that is used as the substrate for epidemiological typing is both a virulence factor and a vaccine antigen.

Favourable anatomy after end-to-side repair of interrupted aortic arch.

Objective: To evaluate cardiovascular outcomes in patients with aortic arch repair and their possible correlation with arch geometry.

Methods: Ten patients who underwent end-to-side repair for aortic arch interruption (IAA), older than 10 years were compared to a cohort of 10 post coarctation (CoA) repair patients matched for age, sex and age at repair. Mean age at operation was 9.

Language abilities in children who were very preterm and/or very low birth weight: a meta-analysis.

Objective: To conduct a meta-analysis to characterize differences in language ability between children born very preterm (VPT, <32 weeks' gestational age), with a very low birth weight (VLBW, <1500 g), or both and in term-born control children.

Study Design: Electronic databases were systematically searched, and 12 studies met the inclusion criteria. Effect sizes were calculated to compare VPT/VLBW children and control children.