Correlation of C-Peptide With Complications Observed in Children and Adolescents With Type 1 Diabetes in Tanzania: A Cross-Sectional Survey.

Type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) complications corelate with C-peptide levels. However, the C-Peptide role has not been explored in resource limited countries. This study explored the relationship between C-peptide and complications.

Frequency and distribution of ABO and Rh blood group systems among blood donors at the Northern Zone Blood Transfusion Center in Kilimanjaro, Tanzania: a retrospective cross-sectional study.

Objectives: ABO and Rh blood group systems are the major factors affecting the blood transfusion safety. The frequency and distribution of these blood group systems vary worldwide. We aimed to determine the frequency and distribution of ABO and Rh blood group systems among first-time blood donors at the Northern Zone Blood Transfusion Center in Kilimanjaro, Tanzania.

EADSG Guidelines: Insulin Storage and Optimisation of Injection Technique in Diabetes Management.

To date, insulin therapy remains the cornerstone of diabetes management; but the art of injecting insulin is still poorly understood in many health facilities. To address this gap, the Forum for Injection Technique and Therapy Expert Recommendations (FITTER) published recommendations on injection technique after a workshop held in Rome, Italy in 2015. These recommendations are generally applicable to the majority of patients on insulin therapy, athough they do not explore alternative details that may be suitable for low- and middle-income countries.

EADSG Guidelines: Insulin Therapy in Diabetes.

A diagnosis of diabetes or hyperglycemia should be confirmed prior to ordering, dispensing, or administering insulin (A). Insulin is the primary treatment in all patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) (A). Typically, patients with T1DM will require initiation with multiple daily injections at the time of diagnosis.

Educational workshops with graduates of the University of Cape Town Karl Storz Head and Neck Surgery Fellowship Program: a model for collaboration in outreach to developing countries.

The University of Cape Town Karl Storz Head and Neck Surgery Fellowship is the only head and neck surgery fellowship in Sub-Saharan Africa. This article briefly describes this fellowship and outlines the experience and ongoing collaborative efforts of members of the American Academy of otolaryngology-head and neck surgery with graduates of this program who are now building head and neck surgery programs in East Africa. This educational collaboration avoids many common pitfalls associated with short-term humanitarian outreach and represents a successful model for international collaborative educational efforts with head and neck surgeons in developing countries in Africa.

Autonomic function in a prevalent Tanzanian population with Parkinson's disease and its relationship to disease duration and 5-year mortality.

Background: Autonomic dysfunction is common in patients with Parkinson's disease (PD). We report autonomic function test results in a prevalent, largely untreated, Tanzanian population of PD patients, at different disease stages and investigate the relationship between autonomic dysfunction and mortality.

Methods: Ewing's battery of autonomic tests was carried out on a prevalent population of PD patients living in the rural Hai district of Tanzania.

Intimate partner violence during pregnancy and associated mental health symptoms among pregnant women in Tanzania: a cross-sectional study.

Objective: Violence against pregnant women is a prevalent issue with severe health implications, especially during pregnancy. This study seeks to determine the prevalence of intimate partner violence against women during pregnancy and its associated mental health symptoms.

Design: Cross-sectional survey conducted from December 2011 to April 2012.

Prevalence of and predictors of substance use among adolescents in rural villages of Moshi district, Tanzania.

Purpose: To determine the prevalence of substance use among primary school pupils and out-of-school adolescents in Moshi rural district, northern Tanzania.

Methods: A school-based cross-sectional study focusing on primary school adolescents in standards 6 and 7 in Kahe rural community. We also conducted a population-based cross-sectional study among out-of-school adolescents in the same rural villages.

Coartem: the journey to the clinic.

Artemisinin, from which the artemether component of Coartem (artemether/lumefantrine, AL) is derived, is obtained from the plant sweet wormwood (Artemisia annua) which has been used for over 2,000 years as a Chinese herbal remedy. Artemisinin was first identified by Chinese researchers as the active anti-malarial constituent of A. annua and its derivatives were found to be the most potent of all anti-malarial drugs.

Double superior vena cava presenting with anomalous jugular and azygous venous systems.

Objective: To report on the double superior vena cava occurring with anomalous azygous vein and abnormal termination of the cardiac veins, which has not been reported before in one individual.

Results: Examination of the heart revealed the presence of both the right and left superior vena cava. The right superior vena cava terminated into the right atrium and received the right root of the azygous vein, and the left superior vena cava received the left root of the azygous vein before entering the dilated coronary sinus.

Pattern of cleft lip and palate in Dar-es-Salaam.

Objectives: To analyse the pattern of cleft lip and palate patients managed at two hospitals in Dar-es-Salaam.

Design: A retrospective descriptive study.

Setting: Muhimbili National Hospital and Comprehensive Community Based Rehabilitation Tanzania Disability Hospital which are special referral centres where most of the cleft lip and palate patients in Dar-es-Salaam are managed.

The content of African diets is adequate to achieve optimal efficacy with fixed-dose artemether-lumefantrine: a review of the evidence.

A fixed-dose combination of artemether-lumefantrine (AL, Coartem(R)) has shown high efficacy, good tolerability and cost-effectiveness in adults and children with uncomplicated malaria caused by Plasmodium falciparum. Lumefantrine bioavailability is enhanced by food, particularly fat.As the fat content of sub-Saharan African meals is approximately a third that of Western countries, it raises the question of whether fat consumption by African patients is sufficient for good efficacy.

Motor and non-motor features of Parkinson's disease.

Background: Parkinson's disease (PD) is a common neurodegenerative brain disease in developed countries where population of the elderly is high. PD is increasingly being documented in developing countries where there are rapid demographic changes. Motor features of PD have been documented in Africans in previous studies.

Spacing and crowding among African and Caucasian children.

Objective: To determine spacing and crowding according to ethnic group, gender and dental emergence stage among Tanzanian African and Caucasian children.

Design: Cross-sectional epidemiological clinical study.

Setting: A total of 869 African (428 boys, 441 girls) and 706 Caucasian (319 boys, 387 girls) school children, aged 3(1/2)-16 years.

Couple counselling and testing for HIV at antenatal clinics: views from men, women and counsellors.

The purpose of this study was to gain insight from views of Tanzanian men and women on couple voluntary counselling and testing (CVCT) for HIV at antenatal clinics (ANC) in Tanzania. Data collection was through focus group discussions with women aged 25-48 years (n=8), women 18-24 years (n=10), HIV counsellors (n=11), men aged 20-34 (n=8) and men aged 35-75 years (n=8) and in-depth interviews (IDI) with five men and eight women. Participants were asked their views concerning men volunteering for CVCT for HIV, motivation of couples to receive results together and effective ways of counselling sero-discordant couples.

Basis for treatment of tuberculosis among HIV-infected patients in Tanzania: the role of chest x-ray and sputum culture.

Background: Active tuberculosis (TB) is common among HIV-infected persons living in tuberculosis endemic countries, and screening for tuberculosis (TB) is recommended routinely. We sought to determine the role of chest x-ray and sputum culture in the decision to treat for presumptive TB using active case finding in a large cohort of HIV-infected patients.

Methods: Ambulatory HIV-positive subjects with CD4 counts > or = 200/mm3 entering a Phase III TB vaccine study in Tanzania were screened for TB with a physical examination, standard interview, CD4 count, chest x-ray (CXR), blood culture for TB, and three sputum samples for acid fast bacillus (AFB) smear and culture.

Detecting depressive disorder with a 19-item local instrument in Tanzania.

Background: Based on experience with the Hopkins Symptom Checklist-25 (HSCL-25) in a Tanzanian population, this study attempted to develop a locally specific screen that employs indigenous expressions.

Aim And Method: Thirty ethnographically derived local idioms were added and the final 47-item questionnaire administered to 787 randomly selected antenatal clinic attendees.

Results: Logistic regression identified 19 items for the Dar-es-Salaam Symptom Questionnaire (DSQ), which demonstrated good internal consistency (Cronbach's alpha = 0.

Risk factors for signs and symptoms of TMD in a rural adult southeast Tanzanian population.

The aim of this study was to determine some risk factors for signs and symptoms of temporomandibular disorders (TMD) in a rural adult population of Southeast Tanzania. Two hundred and eighteen adults aged 40+ years participated in the study. Joint clicking was significantly higher (p < 0.

Infections associated with severe malnutrition among hospitalised children in East Africa.

Severe protein-energy malnutrition (PEM) predisposes affected children to various infections, which either worsens their nutritional status or causes malnutrition, hence complicating their management and outcome. This study was carried out to determine the infections associated with severe malnutrition among children admitted at Kilifi District Hospital (KDH) in Kenya and Muhimbili National Hospital (MNH) in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. Data was collected from hospital register books and online system database.

Comparison of four systems of classification of diabetic foot ulcers in Tanzania.

Aims: The aim was to compare the use of four different systems of foot ulcer classification in a consecutive population with diabetes presenting to a specialist clinic in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania.

Methods: Clinical data were collected prospectively in all patients presenting with foot ulcers between 3 January 2003 and 30 September 2005, and were used retrospectively to classify their ulcers using the Meggitt/Wagner, University of Texas (UT), Size (Area and Depth), Sepsis, Arteriopathy, and Denervation [S(AD)SAD] and Perfusion, Extent/size, Depth/tissue loss, Infection and Sensation (PEDIS) systems. Comparison was made between the strength of the associations between baseline characteristics of each system and outcome determined at 5 December 2005, using linear by linear association.

Knowledge on malaria transmission and its prevention among schoolchildren in Kyela District, south-western Tanzania.

A school-based study was carried out to assess the knowledge on malaria and its prevention among children in Kyela District, south-western, Tanzania in August-September 2004. A total of 400 schoolchildren (age = 10-20 years) from four schools were selected. A structured questionnaire was used to collect data on knowledge on malaria transmission, methods of prevention, source of information and use of mosquito nets.

Position, shape and direction of opening of the mental foramen in dry mandibles of Tanzanian adult black males.

This study was aimed at documenting the location, shape, and direction of the opening of the mental foramen in dry mandibles of adult black Tanzanian population. A hundred mandibles were available for studying. In 45% the mental foramen was located below the apex of the second premolar, 35% between the second premolar and the first molar, 12% between the first premolar and second premolar and 8% below the first molar.