Safety and Efficacy of Lotilaner Ophthalmic Solution (0.25%) in Treating Demodex Blepharitis: Pooled Analysis of Two Pivotal Trials.

Introduction: Lotilaner ophthalmic solution (0.25%) is the first United States Food and Drug Administration (US FDA)-approved drug for treating Demodex blepharitis. In pivotal trials, it was found to be well tolerated and demonstrated a significant reduction in collarettes and mite density after a 6-week treatment regimen.

Toward expert-level medical question answering with large language models.

Large language models (LLMs) have shown promise in medical question answering, with Med-PaLM being the first to exceed a 'passing' score in United States Medical Licensing Examination style questions. However, challenges remain in long-form medical question answering and handling real-world workflows. Here, we present Med-PaLM 2, which bridges these gaps with a combination of base LLM improvements, medical domain fine-tuning and new strategies for improving reasoning and grounding through ensemble refinement and chain of retrieval.

A Cross-Sectional Study Comparing Patient Information Guides Generated by ChatGPT and Google Gemini for Common Radiological Procedures.

Introduction: Artificial intelligence (AI) plays a significant role in creating brochures on radiological procedures for patient education. Thus, this study aimed to evaluate the responses generated by ChatGPT (San Francisco, CA: OpenAI) and Google Gemini (Mountain View, CA: Google LLC) on abdominal ultrasound, abdominal CT scan, and abdominal MRI.

Methodology: A cross-sectional original research was conducted over one week in June 2024 to evaluate the quality of patient information brochures produced by ChatGPT 3.

A robust benchmark for detecting low-frequency variants in the HG002 Genome In A Bottle NIST reference material.

Somatic mosaicism is an important cause of disease, but mosaic and somatic variants are often challenging to detect because they exist in only a fraction of cells. To address the need for benchmarking subclonal variants in normal cell populations, we developed a benchmark containing mosaic variants in the Genome in a Bottle Consortium (GIAB) HG002 reference material DNA from a large batch of a normal lymphoblastoid cell line. First, we used a somatic variant caller with high coverage (300x) Illumina whole genome sequencing data from the Ashkenazi Jewish trio to detect variants in HG002 not detected in at least 5% of cells from the combined parental data.

Clinical Use of Home OCT Data to Manage Neovascular Age-Related Macular Degeneration.

To investigate how home optical coherence tomography (OCT) influences the clinical decision-making of retina specialists for the management of neovascular age-related macular degeneration (nAMD). In this retrospective imaging review, 15 retina specialists each evaluated 10 home OCT data segments from 29 eyes being treated for nAMD. Based on OCT data, indications were identified for when eyes should be treated, which antivascular endothelial growth factor should be used, and the specific retinal fluid and time thresholds for notification.

Autofluorescence Virtual Staining System for H&E Histology and Multiplex Immunofluorescence Applied to Immuno-Oncology Biomarkers in Lung Cancer.

We extend the capabilities of virtual staining from AF to a different disease and stain modality. Our work includes newly developed virtual stains for H&E and a multiplex immunofluorescence panel (DAPI, PanCK, PD-L1, CD3, and CD8) for non-small cell lung cancer, which reproduce the key features of real stains.

Role of the Promoter Antisense RNA in Modulating the Schwann Cell Chromatin Landscape.

: Schwann cells (SCs) and their plasticity contribute to the peripheral nervous system's capacity for nerve regeneration after injury. The promoter antisense RNA (Egr2-AS) recruits chromatin remodeling complexes to inhibit transcription following peripheral nerve injury. : RNA-seq and ATAC-seq were performed on control cells, Lenti-GFP-transduced cells, and cells overexpressing Egr2-AS (Lenti-AS).

Creating an Empirical Dermatology Dataset Through Crowdsourcing With Web Search Advertisements.

Importance: Health datasets from clinical sources do not reflect the breadth and diversity of disease, impacting research, medical education, and artificial intelligence tool development. Assessments of novel crowdsourcing methods to create health datasets are needed.

Objective: To evaluate if web search advertisements (ads) are effective at creating a diverse and representative dermatology image dataset.

Task-agnostic exoskeleton control via biological joint moment estimation.

Lower-limb exoskeletons have the potential to transform the way we move, but current state-of-the-art controllers cannot accommodate the rich set of possible human behaviours that range from cyclic and predictable to transitory and unstructured. We introduce a task-agnostic controller that assists the user on the basis of instantaneous estimates of lower-limb biological joint moments from a deep neural network. By estimating both hip and knee moments in-the-loop, our approach provided multi-joint, coordinated assistance through our autonomous, clothing-integrated exoskeleton.

Neuroimaging-based variability in subtyping biomarkers for psychiatric heterogeneity.

Neuroimaging-based subtyping is increasingly used to explain heterogeneity in psychiatric disorders. However, the clinical utility of these subtyping efforts remains unclear, and replication has been challenging. Here we examined how the choice of neuroimaging measures influences the derivation of neuro-subtypes and the consequences for clinical delineation.

Rates of positive vs negative studies in the spine literature.

Background: Accuracy in the interpretation of data, and publication of studies regardless of outcomes are vital to the development of the scientific literature.

Objective: To determine the proportion of studies in the spine literature that report positive results.

Study Design: Review article of studies published in nine major spine, pain, and physical medicine and rehabilitation (PM&R) journals from January 1, 2018-December 31, 2022.

Inoculation and accuracy prompting increase accuracy discernment in combination but not alone.

Misinformation is a major focus of intervention efforts. Psychological inoculation-an intervention intended to help people identify manipulation techniques-is being adopted at scale around the globe. Yet the efficacy of this approach for increasing belief accuracy remains unclear, as prior work uses synthetic materials that do not contain claims of truth.

Morphometric Study on the Mandibular Foramen.

Aims and objectives This study aimed to analyze the mandibular foramen (MF) by identifying its average vertical and horizontal diameters, determining its localization, and assessing the prevalence of accessory mandibular foramina. Methodology The study was conducted at the Institute of Anatomy, Madras Medical College, Chennai, India over one month in August 2024. A total of 77 human dry mandibles were examined, excluding those that were damaged to the extent that measurements could not be taken.

Using large language models to accelerate communication for eye gaze typing users with ALS.

Accelerating text input in augmentative and alternative communication (AAC) is a long-standing area of research with bearings on the quality of life in individuals with profound motor impairments. Recent advances in large language models (LLMs) pose opportunities for re-thinking strategies for enhanced text entry in AAC. In this paper, we present SpeakFaster, consisting of an LLM-powered user interface for text entry in a highly-abbreviated form, saving 57% more motor actions than traditional predictive keyboards in offline simulation.

Handheld multiphoton and pinhole-free reflectance confocal microscopy enables noninvasive, real-time cross-sectional imaging in skin.

Biopsy-based histology has been the foundation of disease diagnosis and management for over a century. A long-sought goal in dermatology is the development of an imaging modality with sufficient resolution and compositional detail to noninvasively interrogate skin histology in vivo. Here, we describe a system that achieves this goal using cross-sectionally scanned, multimodal microscopy (cross-modal).

How to Build the Virtual Cell with Artificial Intelligence: Priorities and Opportunities.

The cell is arguably the most fundamental unit of life and is central to understanding biology. Accurate modeling of cells is important for this understanding as well as for determining the root causes of disease. Recent advances in artificial intelligence (AI), combined with the ability to generate large-scale experimental data, present novel opportunities to model cells.

Digital Twin in Managing Hypertension Among People With Type 2 Diabetes: 1-Year Randomized Controlled Trial.

Background: Digital twin (DT)-guided lifestyle changes induce type 2 diabetes (T2D) remission but effects on hypertension (HTN) in this population are unknown.

Objectives: The purpose of this study was to assess effects of DT vs standard of care (SC) on blood pressure (BP), anti-HTN medication, HTN remission, and microalbuminuria in participants with T2D.

Methods: This is a secondary analysis of a randomized controlled trial in India of 319 participants with T2D.

Evaluation of the Reveal AST (SPECIFIC) for Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing from Positive Blood Culture Spiked with Carbapenem-Resistant Isolates.

As bloodstream infections and associated septic shock are common causes of mortality in hospitals, rapid antibiotic susceptibility testing (AST) performed directly on positive blood cultures is needed to implement an efficient therapy in clinical settings. We evaluated the Reveal rapid AST system on a collection of 197 fully characterized carbapenem-resistant Enterobacterales, including 177 carbapenemase producers (CPE) spiked in blood culture bottles. The clinical categorization based on the Minimal Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) determination of eighteen antimicrobial molecules was compared to the clinical categorization based on the disk diffusion assay as a reference.

A toolbox for surfacing health equity harms and biases in large language models.

Large language models (LLMs) hold promise to serve complex health information needs but also have the potential to introduce harm and exacerbate health disparities. Reliably evaluating equity-related model failures is a critical step toward developing systems that promote health equity. We present resources and methodologies for surfacing biases with potential to precipitate equity-related harms in long-form, LLM-generated answers to medical questions and conduct a large-scale empirical case study with the Med-PaLM 2 LLM.

Assessing the Performance of Models from the 2022 RSNA Cervical Spine Fracture Detection Competition at a Level I Trauma Center.

Purpose To evaluate the performance of the top models from the RSNA 2022 Cervical Spine Fracture Detection challenge on a clinical test dataset of both noncontrast and contrast-enhanced CT scans acquired at a level I trauma center. Materials and Methods Seven top-performing models in the RSNA 2022 Cervical Spine Fracture Detection challenge were retrospectively evaluated on a clinical test set of 1828 CT scans (from 1829 series: 130 positive for fracture, 1699 negative for fracture; 1308 noncontrast, 521 contrast enhanced) from 1779 patients (mean age, 55.8 years ± 22.