Screen time exposure and executive functions in preschool children.

Increased screen time (ST) among preschool children is becoming a matter of concern globally. Although gadgets such as phones, tablets and computers might be of educational use in this population, excessive ST might impair cognitive function among preschoolers. As data on this topic in preschool children are scarce, this study sought to investigate the relationship between ST and executive functions (EFs) in this population.

Enhancing Medical Student Engagement Through Cinematic Clinical Narratives: Multimodal Generative AI-Based Mixed Methods Study.

Background: Medical students often struggle to engage with and retain complex pharmacology topics during their preclinical education. Traditional teaching methods can lead to passive learning and poor long-term retention of critical concepts.

Objective: This study aims to enhance the teaching of clinical pharmacology in medical school by using a multimodal generative artificial intelligence (genAI) approach to create compelling, cinematic clinical narratives (CCNs).

Altered thalamotemporal structural connectivity is associated with autistic traits in children with ASD.

Background: Thalamocortical functional and structural connectivity alterations may contribute to clinical phenotype of Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD). As previous studies focused mainly on thalamofrontal connections in ASD, we comprehensively investigated the thalamic functional networks and white matter pathways projecting also to temporal, parietal, occipital lobes and their associations with core and co-occurring conditions of this population.

Methods: A total of 38 children (19 with ASD) underwent magnetic resonance imaging and behavioral assessment.

The Replicability Crisis and Human Agency in the Neo-Structured World.

The paper analyzes current discussions concerning the so called "replicability crisis" - a notion describing difficulties in attempts to confirm existing research findings by their additional scrutiny or by new empirical studies. We propose interpretation that this "crisis" may be seen as a manifestation of the increasing inconsistency between, on the one hand, the outdated views on a human being and social structures dominating in the academic mainstream across various disciplines, including psychology and sociology, and, on the other hand, the reality of the emerging new stage of societal evolution, neo-structuration, which brings to the forefront individual agency. Our analysis suggests the possibilities for the future inter-disciplinary paradigmatic shift, which implies putting in the center of research not the idea of a constant or predictably developing individual in the context of solid external structures operating in line with a presumably sustainable "progress".

[Cognitive impairment in bilinguals with neurological diseases].

Bilingualism is widespread in the world and In Russia and in recent years has been actively considered within the framework of the cognitive reserve concept. The paper provides a review of articles studying cognitive functions in bilingual patients with neurological diseases. Cognitive disorders and dementia in bilinguals occur about 5 years later in comparison with those who speak only one language.

Love as a Commitment Device : Evidence from a Cross-Cultural Study across 90 Countries.

Given the ubiquitous nature of love, numerous theories have been proposed to explain its existence. One such theory refers to love as a commitment device, suggesting that romantic love evolved to foster commitment between partners and enhance their reproductive success. In the present study, we investigated this hypothesis using a large-scale sample of 86,310 individual responses collected across 90 countries.

Males have higher psychological readiness to return to sports than females after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

Objectives: To examine sex differences in psychological readiness to return to sport following anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction as well as to determine whether males and females separately fulfilled cut-off values (≥65) of psychological readiness necessary to return to sport.

Information Sources: Web of Science, Scopus and PubMed were comprehensively searched from inception to January 2024 to identify relevant studies.

Eligibility Criteria: Observational investigations that compared males and females with a history of ACL reconstruction concerning psychological readiness to return to sport.

The Influence of Caffeine on Tolerance to Sport-Specific High-Intensity Exercise in Young Elite Soccer Players.

Background: Modern elite football places extremely high demands on the athlete's body, so it is of practical interest to study the effect of various dietary supplements on load tolerance and postexercise recovery. Furthermore, there is a lack of research on the effects of caffeine on key measures of load tolerance in football such as delayed-onset muscle soreness (DOMS), rate of perceived exertion (RPE) and heart rate (HR) at different time points after the exercise.

Methods: 54 young players aged 15-17 years from a leading Russian football academy took part in a randomised trial using the balanced placebo design.

Central mechanisms of muscle tone regulation: implications for pain and performance.

Muscle tone represents a foundational property of the motor system with the potential to impact musculoskeletal pain and motor performance. Muscle tone is involuntary, dynamically adaptive, interconnected across the body, sensitive to postural demands, and distinct from voluntary control. Research has historically focused on pathological tone, peripheral regulation, and contributions from passive tissues, without consideration of the neural regulation of active tone and its consequences, particularly for neurologically healthy individuals.

An expert consensus statement on biomarkers of ageing for use in intervention studies.

Biomarkers of ageing serve as important outcome measures in longevity-promoting interventions. However, there is limited consensus on which specific biomarkers are most appropriate for human intervention studies. This work aimed to address this need by establishing an expert consensus on biomarkers of ageing for use in intervention studies via the Delphi method.

Medical chart-reported alcohol consumption, substance use, and mental health issues in association with HIV pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) nonadherence among gay, bisexual, and other men-who-have-sex-with-men.

Background: Although some evidence suggests that alcohol, substance use, and mental health issues diminish adherence to HIV Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis (PrEP) among gay, bisexual, and other men-who-have-sex-with-men (gbMSM), findings are somewhat inconsistent and have primarily derived from studies involving non-random samples. Medical chart extraction can provide unique insight by in part surmounting sampling-related limitations, as data for entire PrEP clinic populations can be examined. Our investigation entailed comprehensive chart extraction to assess the extent to which chart-reported alcohol, substance use, and mental health issues were associated with chart-reported PrEP nonadherence.

Differential late-stage face processing in autism: a magnetoencephalographic study of fusiform gyrus activation.

Background: Autism is associated with alterations of social communication, such as during face-to-face interactions. This study aimed to probe face processing in autistics with normal IQ utilizing magnetoencephalography to examine event-related fields within the fusiform gyrus during face perception.

Methods: A case-control cohort of 22 individuals diagnosed with autism and 20 age-matched controls (all male, age 29.

Visual-Spatial Search in Neglect Syndrome as a Function of the Number of Stimuli in the Hemifields.

Background: Neglect syndrome is a serious condition that often affects the ability to perform visual-spatial search tasks, interfering with the ability to detect stimuli on the left side of space. A number of factors can affect the success of visual search in patients with neglect syndrome, including visual field load. The purpose of this study is to investigate how the number of stimuli in the right visual hemifield influences the efficiency of visual search in the left (neglected) hemifield, hypothesizing that an increased object load on the right side may impair search performance on the left.

Olfactory neurofeedback: current state and possibilities for further development.

This perspective considers the novel concept of olfactory neurofeedback (O-NFB) within the framework of brain-computer interfaces (BCIs), where olfactory stimuli are integrated in various BCI control loops. In particular, electroencephalography (EEG)-based O-NFB systems are capable of incorporating different components of complex olfactory processing - from simple discrimination tasks to using olfactory stimuli for rehabilitation of neurological disorders. In our own work, EEG theta and alpha rhythms were probed as control variables for O-NFB.

Love Components in Free-Choice and Arranged Marriages Among Five Non-Western Populations From Africa, Amazonia, and Himalayas.

Two main ways to enter a marriage are through free choice and through an arrangement between families, known as an arranged marriage. In this study, we compared differences in three dimensions of love (Intimacy, Passion, and Commitment) between spouses in love-based marriages and arranged marriages among five non-Western societies: Bhotiya from the Himalayas, Igbo from Nigeria, Kimeru from Kenya, Meru from Tanzania, and Tsimane' from Bolivia. When considering all data gathered from the five cultures, free choice and arranged marriages did not differ significantly in average love scores.

The impact of early life experiences on inhibitory control and working memory.

Introduction: Adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) are a general term for a large group of nonequivalent situations that have the potential to traumatise a child. This risk factor is caused by a sensitive period of brain development, which is based on myelination, creation of synaptic connections and pruning. Dramatic environmental events during this period, such as history of institutionalisation, can disrupt optimal developmental pathways, leaving biological scars for life.

Does sibling family structure matter in the emotion understanding development in preschoolers?

The objective of the study was to investigate the impact of sibling family structure -including the number of children, age gaps, presence of a twin, sibling position, and gender composition - on emotion understanding and its development in children aged 5-6 years. A total of 409 preschoolers participated. Emotion understanding was assessed using The Test of Emotion Comprehension at the baseline and then again at a 1-year follow-up.

Boris Parygin' Social Psychology: History and Perspectives.

International literature on the history of Russian psychology is largely limited to the development of Activity theory and cultural-historical theory. This paper aims to go beyond these limits by introducing a figure little known to an international audience, Boris Parygin, who emerged in the 1960s with his "grand" project for the development of Russian social psychology, significantly different from the Soviet psychology "mainstream," stemming from Vygotsky, Luria, and Alexei Nikolaevich Leontiev. We demonstrate that Parygin's works belong to a theoretical and methodological tradition of social and humanitarian scholarship that had been developing in Russia since 1870s.

[The perception of problematic of digital future of national health care by students and graduates of medical university].

In the nearest future, global health care is to be changed dramatically because of digital transformation of medicine that is supported by numerous innovative technologies. The digitization of Russian health care nowadays is priority direction of its development. It requires from medical workers to have special knowledge and readiness to apply achievements of digital medicine as effectively as possible.

Attenuated processing of vowels in the left temporal cortex predicts speech-in-noise perception deficit in children with autism.

Background: Difficulties with speech-in-noise perception in autism spectrum disorders (ASD) may be associated with impaired analysis of speech sounds, such as vowels, which represent the fundamental phoneme constituents of human speech. Vowels elicit early (< 100 ms) sustained processing negativity (SPN) in the auditory cortex that reflects the detection of an acoustic pattern based on the presence of formant structure and/or periodic envelope information (f0) and its transformation into an auditory "object".

Methods: We used magnetoencephalography (MEG) and individual brain models to investigate whether SPN is altered in children with ASD and whether this deficit is associated with impairment in their ability to perceive speech in the background of noise.

Giftedness identification and cognitive, physiological and psychological characteristics of gifted children: a systematic review.

Despite the extensive history of investigation, characterization and diagnostics of giftedness is still a point of debate. The lack of understanding of the phenomenon affects the identification process of gifted children, development of targeted educational programs and state of research in the field of gifted education. In the current systematic review, we seek to delineate the specific aspects in which gifted children differ from their typically developing peers in cognitive abilities, psychophysiology and psychological characteristics.

The Go/No-Go P3 and Depressive Symptoms in Adolescents: Trial-Level Change and Mean Amplitude Relate Differently to Anhedonic Versus Negative Mood Symptoms.

Prior studies have found an association between reduced P3 brain responses-a neural marker of task engagement-and increased depressive symptoms during adolescence. However, it is unclear whether P3 correlates with depression globally, or with certain facets. Existing depression studies have also typically quantified P3 as a cross-trial average, neglecting possible trial-by-trial effects.