The 12- and 24-Month Effects of Intravitreal Ranibizumab, Aflibercept, and Bevacizumab on Intraocular Pressure: A Network Meta-Analysis.

Topic: To investigate the effect of anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) therapy on intraocular pressure (IOP) 12 and 24 months after initiation.

Clinical Relevance: It is unclear whether serial anti-VEGF injections result in sustained IOP increases.

Methods: Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) comparing anti-VEGF agents with each other or with controls for the treatment of neovascular age-related macular degeneration, retinal vein occlusions, or diabetic macular edema were included.

fluorescence molecular imaging of the vascular endothelial growth factor in rats with early diabetic retinopathy.

Anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (anti-VEGF) therapy is effective for reducing the severity level of diabetic retinopathy (DR). However, it is difficult to determine the spatial and temporal expression of VEGF in the DR retina at an early stage. Here, we report a quantitatively fluorescence molecular imaging and image analysis method by creating a VEGF targeted fluorescence imaging probe, which can potentially detect and predict anti-VEGF treatment response.

Treat-and-extend regimens of anti-vascular endothelial growth factor therapy for retinal vein occlusions: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

Objective: To investigate treat-and-extend (T&E) regimens of anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (anti-VEGF) therapy for the treatment of macular oedema secondary to retinal vein occlusions (RVOs).

Methods: Ovid MEDLINE, Ovid EMBASE and CENTRAL were searched on 25 February 2021. Randomized controlled trials, cohort studies, case-control studies and case series were included.

Barriers and enablers to diabetic eye screening attendance: An interview study with young adults with type 1 diabetes.

Aim: The aim of this study was to identify barriers and enablers of diabetic eye screening (DES) attendance amongst young adults with diabetes living in the United Kingdom.

Methods: Semistructured qualitative interviews with adults aged 18-34 years with diabetes. Participants were purposively sampled to aim for representation across gender, geographical locations, diabetes type, years since diabetes diagnosis and patterns of attendance (i.

Identifying Peripheral Neuropathy in Colour Fundus Photographs Based on Deep Learning.

The aim of this study was to develop and validate a deep learning-based system to detect peripheral neuropathy (DN) from retinal colour images in people with diabetes. Retinal images from 1561 people with diabetes were used to predictDN diagnosed on vibration perception threshold. A total of 189 had diabetic retinopathy (DR), 276 had DN, and 43 had both DR and DN.

Impaired vision and physical activity in childhood and adolescence: findings from the Millennium Cohort Study.

Background/aims: Investigate if impaired vision is associated with reduced levels and differences in types of physical activity (PA) to identify barriers or enablers to achieving healthy PA levels.

Methods: Data from the Millennium Cohort Study of children born in the UK in 2000-2001 and followed-up to age 14 years (=11 571). Using parental report on eye conditions coded by clinicians, children were categorised as having no, unilateral or bilateral impaired vision.

Assessment of optical coherence tomography angiography and multifocal electroretinography in eyes with and without nonproliferative diabetic retinopathy.

Purpose: To examine (i) the retinal structure and function using optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA) and multifocal electroretinography (mfERG), respectively, in eyes with and without nonproliferative diabetic retinopathy (NPDR), (ii) and their interrelationship between retinal structure (OCTA) and function (mfERG) in the two groups independently.

Methods: This was a prospective observational study. One hundred twenty-one eligible participants with type 2 diabetes with No DR (n = 89), or with mild or moderate NPDR (n = 32) underwent ophthalmic examination, ultrawide field-view fundus photography, OCTA, and mfERG.

Identification of risk factors for targeted diabetic retinopathy screening to urgently decrease the rate of blindness in people with diabetes in India.

Purpose: There is an exponential rise in the prevalence of diabetes mellitus (DM) in India. Ideally all people with DM should be periodically screening for diabetic retinopathy (DR) but is not practical with current infrastructure. An alternate strategy is to identify high-risk individuals with vision-threatening diabetic retinopathy (VTDR) for priority screening and treatment.

Diabetic macular edema treatment guidelines in India: All India Ophthalmological Society Diabetic Retinopathy Task Force and Vitreoretinal Society of India consensus statement.

Diabetic macular edema (DME) is a common cause of moderate visual impairment among people with diabetes. Due to the rising number of people with diabetes in India, the absolute numbers of people with DME are significant. There are several treatment options for DME, and the choice of treatment is based on the availability of retinal specialists and infrastructure for the delivery of treatment.

Bridging the valley of death between research and implementing a systematic diabetic retinopathy screening program in low- and medium-income countries.

Translating research findings to routine clinical practice is fraught with obstacles. The gap between the end of a research project and the implementation of its results is often termed the "valley of death." In this perspective, we highlight the barriers and potential solutions in translating research on diabetic retinopathy care pathways to implementation in the clinic.

Adding screening for "end organ damage" to the noncommunicable disease package in primary care.

There are several global and local initiatives aimed at screening for noncommunicable diseases (NCD). The fundamental health system strengthening to achieve this goal is by developing the primary care infrastructure. Most newly developed or improved primary care centers focus on maintaining an NCD register for onward reporting.

Barriers in establishing systematic diabetic retinopathy screening through telemedicine in low- and middle-income countries.

Vision-threatening diabetic retinopathy (VTDR) is one of the leading causes of impaired vision in the working-age population. Early identification, timely diagnosis, and prompt treatment of VTDR have to be tackled simultaneously to reduce the rate of blindness due to this condition. Considerable emphasis has been placed globally on establishing diabetic retinopathy screening (DRS) programs to enable early identification and referral of VTDR for treatment.

Zone-wise examination of optical coherence tomography features and their correspondence to multifocal electroretinography in eyes with nonproliferative diabetic retinopathy.

Purpose: To examine (1) the retinal structure by optical coherence tomography (OCT) and function by means of multifocal electroretinography (mfERG) in eyes with and without nonproliferative diabetic retinopathy (NPDR) (2) for correspondence between local retinal function and OCT zones with retinal lesions.

Methods: One hundred and thirty-two eligible participants (30 with nonproliferative DR (NPDR) and 102 with diabetes with no DR) underwent comprehensive ophthalmic examination, optical coherence tomography for retinal thickness measures, mfERG, and ultra-wide field fundus photography. OCT Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study (ETDRS) grid was overlaid on to mfERG plots.

Sensitivity and specificity of pseudocolor ultrawide field imaging in comparison to wide field fundus fluorescein angiography in detecting retinal neovascularization in diabetic retinopathy.

Objective: To evaluate the diagnostic accuracy of ultrawide pseudocolor retinal photography (pseudocolor UWF) compared to wide field fundus fluorescein angiography (WFFFA) in the detection of retinal neovascularization (NV) and NV of the disc (NVD) in patients with diabetic retinopathy (DR).

Design: Diagnostic accuracy observational study evaluating pseudocolor UWF as the index test. The reference standard was WFFFA.

Corneal endothelial cell density loss following glaucoma surgery alone or in combination with cataract surgery: a systematic review protocol.

Objective: We aim to systematically assess and compare corneal endothelial cell density (ECD) loss in patients with glaucoma following glaucoma surgery and cataract surgery.

Introduction: Corneal ECD loss may occur due to intraoperative surgical trauma in glaucoma surgery or postoperatively with chronic endothelial cell trauma or irritation. Corneal oedema and decompensation after aqueous shunt glaucoma surgery has been reported but the long-term ECD loss is still unknown.

Validity and Reliability of the Student Refractive Error and Eyeglasses Questionnaire-Revised Version in Myopic Children.

Significance: Multiple vision-related quality of life (VRQol) instruments exist, but questionnaires designed specifically for myopic children that are appropriate for assessing the impact of refractive error are rare.

Purpose: This study aimed to assess the validity and reliability of the Student Refractive Error and Eyeglasses Questionnaire - Revised (SREEQ-R) in school-aged children with myopia in the United Kingdom.

Methods: Community optometrists in the United Kingdom invited children up to the age of 18 years presenting for an eye examination with current or previous reported use of eyeglasses for myopia to complete the SREEQ-R, which consists of 20 specific items divided into two sections each with three response categories.

Retinal structure-function correlation in type 2 diabetes.

Objective: To examine the relationship of visual function as assessed by visual acuity, contrast sensitivity, and multifocal electroretinography (mfERG) to macular structural and microvascular measures on optical coherence tomography (OCT) and angiography (OCTA) in individuals with diabetes.

Methods: This is a prospective observational study conducted at a tertiary eye care centre in India. Right eyes of 121 adults with type 2 diabetes with no diabetic retinopathy (DR), mild or moderate nonproliferative DR (NPDR) were examined.

Multimodal Imaging Comparison of Polypoidal Choroidal Vasculopathy Between Asian and Caucasian Populations.

Purpose: Differences in multimodal imaging features between Asian and Caucasian eyes may contribute to our understanding of the etiology of the polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy (PCV). The purpose of this study was to compare the multimodal imaging features of Asian and Caucasian eyes with PCV.

Design: Cross-sectional, retrospective, multicenter, observational case series.

Direct selective laser trabeculoplasty in open angle glaucoma study design: a multicentre, randomised, controlled, investigator-masked trial (GLAUrious).

Introduction: Laser trabeculoplasty is an effective and widely used treatment for glaucoma. A new laser technology, the Eagle direct selective laser trabeculoplasty (DSLT) device, may provide automated, fast, simple, safe and effective laser treatment for glaucoma in a broader range of clinical settings. This trial aims to test the hypothesis that translimbal DSLT is effective and not inferior to selective laser trabeculoplasty (SLT) in reducing intraocular pressure (IOP) in open angle glaucoma (OAG).

Incidence and Risk Factors for Macular Atrophy in Acquired Vitelliform Lesions.

Purpose: To study the time course to macular atrophy (MA) and associated risk factors in eyes with acquired vitelliform lesions (AVLs) as they vary between patients and between eyes of an individual.

Design: Single-center, retrospective, observational cohort study.

Participants: Consecutive patients registered between January 2009 and January 2014 with first diagnosis of AVL confirmed by multimodal imaging were included.

Managing risk in the face of adversity: design and outcomes of rapid glaucoma assessment clinics during a pandemic recovery.

Background: The provision of timely care to the high volume of glaucoma patients stratified as "low risk" following pandemic-related appointment deferrals continues to prove challenging for glaucoma specialists. It is unknown whether stratification as "low risk" remains valid over time, raising the potential risk of harm during this period if left unmonitored. This study aimed to evaluate whether Rapid Glaucoma Assessment Clinics (RGACs) are an effective method of assessing "low-risk" patients in order to identify those who may need an escalation of care, therefore reducing the risk of the future incidents of preventable vision loss.

Early detection of neovascular age-related macular degeneration: an economic evaluation based on data from the EDNA study.

Background/aims: To evaluate the cost-effectiveness of non-invasive monitoring tests to detect the onset of neovascular age-related macular degeneration (nAMD) in the unaffected second eye of patients receiving treatment for unilateral nAMD in a UK National Health Service (NHS) hospital outpatient setting.

Methods: A patient-level state transition model was constructed to simulate the onset, detection, and treatment of nAMD in the second eye. Five index tests were compared: self-reported change in visual function, Amsler test, clinic measured change in visual acuity from baseline, fundus assessment by clinical examination or colour photography, and spectral domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT).