Impact of pre- and post-exercise strategies on hypoglycemic risk for two modalities of aerobic exercise among adults and adolescents living with type 1 diabetes using continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion: A randomized controlled trial.

Objective: We investigated strategies to mitigate hypoglycemic risk during and after different aerobic exercises in people with type 1 diabetes (pwT1D) using continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion.

Research Design And Methods: Thirty-seven pwT1D (21 adults, 16 adolescents; HbA1c = 7.5 ± 1.

Adipocyte Angptl8 deletion improves glucose and energy metabolism and obesity associated inflammation in mice.

Angiopoietin-like protein 8 (Angptl8), expressed in the liver and adipocytes, forms a complex with Angptl3 or Angptl4, which regulates lipoprotein lipase and triglyceride metabolism. However, the precise functions of adipocyte Angptl8 remain elusive. Here we report that adipocyte-specific inducible Angptl8-knockout (AT-A8-KO) male mice on normal diet showed minor phenotypic changes, but after a high-fat high fructose (HFHF) diet, exhibited decreased body weight gain and glycemia, elevated rectal temperature and early dark phase energy expenditure compared to the Cre controls.

Regulation of energy balance by leptin as an adiposity signal and modulator of the reward system.

Background: Leptin is an adipose tissue-derived hormone that plays a crucial role in body weight, appetite, and behaviour regulation. Leptin controls energy balance as an indicator of adiposity levels and as a modulator of the reward system, which is associated with liking palatable foods. Obesity is characterized by expanded adipose tissue mass and consequently, elevated concentrations of leptin in blood.

EPA and DHA inhibit LDL-induced upregulation of human adipose tissue NLRP3 inflammasome/IL-1β pathway and its association with diabetes risk factors.

Elevated numbers of atherogenic lipoproteins (apoB) predict the incidence of type 2 diabetes (T2D). We reported that this may be mediated via the activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome, as low-density lipoproteins (LDL) induce interleukin-1 beta (IL-1β) secretion from human white adipose tissue (WAT) and macrophages. However, mitigating nutritional approaches remained unknown.

Sustained improvements in brain health and metabolic markers 24 months following bariatric surgery.

Obesity and its metabolic complications are associated with lower grey matter and white matter densities, whereas weight loss after bariatric surgery leads to an increase in both measures. These increases in grey and white matter density are significantly associated with post-operative weight loss and improvement of the metabolic/inflammatory profiles. While our recent studies demonstrated widespread increases in white matter density 4 and 12 months after bariatric surgery, it is not clear if these changes persist over time.

The role of branched-chain amino acids and their downstream metabolites in mediating insulin resistance.

Elevated levels of circulating branched-chain amino acids (BCAAs) and their associated metabolites have been strongly linked to insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes. Despite extensive research, the precise mechanisms linking increased BCAA levels with these conditions remain elusive. In this review, we highlight the key organs involved in maintaining BCAA homeostasis and discuss how obesity and insulin resistance disrupt the intricate interplay among these organs, thus affecting BCAA balance.

The effects of the β-adrenergic receptor antagonist bisoprolol administration on mirabegron-stimulated human brown adipose tissue thermogenesis.

Aim: Pharmacological stimulation of human brown adipose tissue (BAT) has been hindered by ineffective activation or undesirable off-target effects. Oral administration of the maximal allowable dose of mirabegron (200 mg), a β-adrenergic receptor (β-AR) agonist, has been effective in stimulating BAT thermogenesis and whole-body energy expenditure. However, this has been accompanied by undesirable cardiovascular effects.

Silencing ANGPTL8 reduces mouse preadipocyte differentiation and insulin signaling.

ANGPTL8, expressed mainly in the liver and adipose tissue, regulates the activity of lipoprotein lipase (LPL) present in the extracellular space and triglyceride (TG) metabolism through its interaction with ANGPTL3 and ANGPTL4. Whether intracellular ANGPTL8 can also exert effects in tissues where it is expressed is uncertain. ANGPTL8 expression was low in preadipocytes and much increased during differentiation.

Managing Impending Nonsevere Hypoglycemia With Oral Carbohydrates in Type 1 Diabetes: The REVERSIBLE Trial.

Objective: Current guidelines recommend initiating treatment for nonsevere (NS) hypoglycemia with 15 g carbohydrates (CHO) at 15-min intervals when blood glucose (BG) reaches <70 mg/dL (3.9 mmol/L). Despite this recommendation, NS hypoglycemia management remains challenging for individuals living with type 1 diabetes (T1D).

A high-fat diet supplemented with medium-chain triglycerides ameliorates hepatic steatosis by reducing ceramide and diacylglycerol accumulation in mice.

Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is projected to be the most common chronic liver disease worldwide and is closely linked to obesity, insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes. Currently, no pharmacological treatments are available to treat NAFLD, and lifestyle modification, including dietary interventions, is the only remedy. Therefore, we conducted a study to determine whether supplementation with medium-chain triglycerides (MCTs), containing a mixture of C8 and C10 (60/40), attenuates NAFLD in obese and insulin-resistant mice.

Characteristics associated with having a hemoglobin A1c ≤ 7 % (≤53 mmol/mol) among adults with type 1 diabetes using an automated insulin delivery system.

Background: We aim to investigate which characteristics are associated with having an HbA1c ≤ 7 % (≤53 mmol/mol) among adult automated insulin delivery (AID) users living with type 1 diabetes (T1D).

Methods: Cross-sectional study using data from the T1D BETTER registry.

Inclusion Criteria: aged ≥ 18 years old, using a commercial AID system, and with a reported HbA1c range value.

Native low-density lipoproteins are priming signals of the NLRP3 inflammasome/interleukin-1β pathway in human adipose tissue and macrophages.

Elevated plasma numbers of atherogenic apoB-lipoproteins (apoB), mostly as low-density lipoproteins (LDL), predict diabetes risk by unclear mechanisms. Upregulation of the NLRP3 inflammasome/interleukin-1 beta (IL-1β) system in white adipose tissue (WAT) is implicated in type 2 diabetes (T2D); however, metabolic signals that stimulate it remain unexplored. We hypothesized that (1) subjects with high-apoB have higher WAT IL-1β-secretion than subjects with low-apoB, (2) WAT IL-1β-secretion is associated with T2D risk factors, and (3) LDL prime and/or activate the WAT NLRP3 inflammasome.

Loss of muscle PDH induces lactic acidosis and adaptive anaplerotic compensation via pyruvate-alanine cycling and glutaminolysis.

Pyruvate dehydrogenase (PDH) is the rate-limiting enzyme for glucose oxidation that links glycolysis-derived pyruvate with the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle. Although skeletal muscle is a significant site for glucose oxidation and is closely linked with metabolic flexibility, the importance of muscle PDH during rest and exercise has yet to be fully elucidated. Here, we demonstrate that mice with muscle-specific deletion of PDH exhibit rapid weight loss and suffer from severe lactic acidosis, ultimately leading to early mortality under low-fat diet provision.

ABHD6 suppression promotes anti-inflammatory polarization of adipose tissue macrophages via 2-monoacylglycerol/PPAR signaling in obese mice.

Objective: Pro-inflammatory polarization of adipose tissue macrophages (ATMs) plays a critical role in the pathogenesis of obesity-associated chronic inflammation. However, little is known about the role of lipids in the regulation of ATMs polarity and inflammation in response to metabolic stress. Deletion of α/β-hydrolase domain-containing 6 (ABHD6), a monoacylglycerol (MAG) hydrolase, has been shown to protect against diet-induced obesity and insulin resistance.

Evaluation of , a self-guided online type 1 diabetes self-management education and support web application-a mixed methods study.

Background: Type 1 diabetes requires making numerous daily decisions to maintain normoglycemia. is an evidence-based self-guided web application for type 1 diabetes diabetes self-management.

Objective: Evaluate users' satisfaction with and investigate changes in self-reported frequency of-, fear of- hypoglycemia, and diabetes-related self-efficacy.

SiJunZi decoction ameliorates bone quality and redox homeostasis and regulates advanced glycation end products/receptor for advanced glycation end products and WNT/β-catenin signaling pathways in diabetic mice.

Ethnopharmacological Relevance: SiJunZi decoction (SJZD), one of the traditional Chinese medicine formulas, has been clinically and traditionally used to improve glucose and lipid metabolism and promote bone remodeling.

Aim Of The Study: To study the actions and mechanisms of SJZD on bone remodeling in a type 2 diabetes mouse model.

Materials And Methods: Diabetic mice generated with a high-fat diet (HFD) and streptozotocin (STZ) were subjected to SJZD treatment for 8 weeks.

Glycerol 3-phosphate phosphatase/PGPH-2 counters metabolic stress and promotes healthy aging via a glycogen sensing-AMPK-HLH-30-autophagy axis in C. elegans.

Metabolic stress caused by excess nutrients accelerates aging. We recently demonstrated that the newly discovered enzyme glycerol-3-phosphate phosphatase (G3PP; gene Pgp), which operates an evolutionarily conserved glycerol shunt that hydrolyzes glucose-derived glycerol-3-phosphate to glycerol, counters metabolic stress and promotes healthy aging in C. elegans.

Histaminergic regulation of food intake.

Histamine is a biogenic amine that acts as a neuromodulator within the brain. In the hypothalamus, histaminergic signaling contributes to the regulation of numerous physiological and homeostatic processes, including the regulation of energy balance. Histaminergic neurons project extensively throughout the hypothalamus and two histamine receptors (H1R, H3R) are strongly expressed in key hypothalamic nuclei known to regulate energy homeostasis, including the paraventricular (PVH), ventromedial (VMH), dorsomedial (DMH), and arcuate (ARC) nuclei.

Gender differences in reported frequency and consequences of hypoglycemia among adults living with type 1 diabetes: Results from the BETTER registry.

Aims: To evaluate the frequency and consequences of level 2 (L2H, glucose level < 3.0 mmol/L with autonomous management) and level 3 hypoglycemia (L3H requiring external assistance to treat), in adults living with type 1 diabetes (T1D), while investigating the role of gender.

Methods: Cross-sectional analysis of self-reported retrospective data from a Canadian registry of 900 adults living with T1D using logistic regression models adjusted for age, T1D management modalities, hypoglycemia history, and validated patient-reported outcomes scales.

Non-severe hypoglycemia in type 1 diabetes: a randomized crossover trial comparing two quantities of oral carbohydrates at different insulin-induced hypoglycemia ranges.

Aims: Non-severe hypoglycemia (NS-H) is challenging for people living with type 1 diabetes (PWT1D) and often results from relative iatrogenic hyper-insulinemia. Current guidelines recommend a one-size-fits-all approach of 15-20 g of simple carbohydrates (CHO) every 15 min regardless of the triggering conditions of the NS-H event. We aimed to test different amounts of CHO to treat insulin-induced NS-H at various glucose ranges.

100 years of glucagon anniversary.

The year 2023 marks 100 years since publication of the first report of a hyperglycemic factor in pancreatic extracts which C P Kimball and John R Murlin named glucagon (from GLUCose AGONist). Glucagon has a range of profound effects on metabolism including, but not limited to, stimulation of hepatic glucose production. Dysregulation of glucagon secretion is a key feature of both major forms of diabetes, leading to the concept that diabetes is a bihormonal disorder.