Absolute versus relative socioeconomic disadvantage and homicide: a spatial ecological case-control study of US zip codes.

Background: Homicide is a major cause of death and contributes to health disparities in the United States. This burden overwhelmingly affects people from racial and ethnic minority populations as homicide occurs more often in neighborhoods with high proportions of racial and ethnic minority residents. Research has identified that environmental factors contribute to variation in homicide rates between neighborhoods; however, it is not clear why some neighborhoods with high concentrations of racial and ethnic minority residents have high homicide rates while neighborhoods with similar demographic compositions do not.

Ridesharing and alcohol-related assaults in NYC: A spatial ecological case-crossover study.

Objective: Ridesharing has changed urban transportation and the distribution of some health outcomes, including alcohol consumption. Studies relating ridesharing to crime and violence at low space-time resolution (e.g.

Evaluation of Hypofractionated Radiation Therapy Use and Patient-Reported Outcomes in Men With Nonmetastatic Prostate Cancer in Australia and New Zealand.

Importance: Randomized clinical trials in prostate cancer have reported noninferior outcomes for hypofractionated radiation therapy (HRT) compared with conventional RT (CRT); however, uptake of HRT across jurisdictions is variable.

Objective: To evaluate the use of HRT vs CRT in men with nonmetastatic prostate cancer and compare patient-reported outcomes (PROs) at a population level.

Design, Setting, And Participants: Registry-based cohort study from the Australian and New Zealand Prostate Cancer Outcomes Registry (PCOR-ANZ).

Non-pharmacological interventions for preventing clotting of extracorporeal circuits during continuous renal replacement therapy.

Background: Acute kidney injury (AKI) is a common complication amongst people who are critically ill, and it is associated with an increased risk of death. For people with severe AKI, continuous kidney replacement therapy (CKRT), which is delivered over 24 hours, is needed when they become haemodynamically unstable. When CKRT is interrupted due to clotting of the extracorporeal circuit, the delivered dose is decreased and thus leading to undertreatment.

Association of carbohydrate and saturated fat intake with cardiovascular disease and mortality in Australian women.

Background: Conflicting evidence surrounds the effect of dietary macronutrient intake (fat, carbohydrate and protein) on cardiovascular disease (CVD), particularly in women.

Methods: Women (aged 50-55 years) were recruited into the Australian Longitudinal Study on Women's Health. Women were divided into quintiles according to their carbohydrate and saturated fat intake as a percentage of total energy intake (TEI).

Clinical Activity of Ripretinib in Patients with Advanced Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumor Harboring Heterogeneous Mutations in the Phase III INVICTUS Study.

Purpose: Most patients with gastrointestinal stromal tumor (GIST) have activating mutations in and are initially responsive to tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKI). The acquisition of secondary mutations leads to refractory/relapsed disease. This study reports the results of an analysis from the phase III INVICTUS study (NCT03353753) characterizing the genomic heterogeneity of tumors from patients with advanced GIST and evaluating ripretinib efficacy across mutation subgroups.

Management of acute metabolic acidosis in the ICU: sodium bicarbonate and renal replacement therapy.

This article is one of ten reviews selected from the Annual Update in Intensive Care and Emergency Medicine 2021. Other selected articles can be found online at https://www.biomedcentral.

Development and validation of a risk-adjustment model for mortality and hospital length of stay for trauma patients: a prospective registry-based study in Australia.

Objectives: Adequate risk adjustment for factors beyond the control of the healthcare system contributes to the process of transparent and equitable benchmarking of trauma outcomes. Current risk adjustment models are not optimal in terms of the number and nature of predictor variables included in the model and the treatment of missing data. We propose a statistically robust and parsimonious risk adjustment model for the purpose of benchmarking.

Guidance for Health Care Leaders During the Recovery Stage of the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Consensus Statement.

Importance: The COVID-19 pandemic is the greatest global test of health leadership of our generation. There is an urgent need to provide guidance for leaders at all levels during the unprecedented preresolution recovery stage.

Objective: To create an evidence- and expertise-informed framework of leadership imperatives to serve as a resource to guide health and public health leaders during the postemergency stage of the pandemic.

Soft-shell headgear, concussion and injury prevention in youth team collision sports: a systematic review.

Objectives: To assess the association between soft-shell headgear (HG) use and sports-related concussion (SRC). Secondary objectives were to assess the association between HG and superficial head injury and investigate potential increase in injury risk among HG users.

Design: A systematic search in Ovid MEDLINE, Cochrane Library, Scopus, PsycINFO and SPORTDiscus was conducted in April 2020.

Comparison of trauma management between two major trauma services in Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia and Melbourne, Australia.

Introduction: The burden of injury in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA) has increased in recent years, but the country has lacked a consistent methodology for collecting injury data. A trauma registry has been established at a large public hospital in Riyadh from which these data are now available.

Objectives: We aimed to provide an overview of trauma epidemiology by reviewing the first calendar year of data collection for the registry.

Looking Back and Moving Forward: The Evolution and Potential Opportunities for the Future of Alcohol Outlet Density Measurement.

The literature consistently finds that areas with greater density of alcohol outlets (places that sell alcohol) tend to have higher levels of public health harms. However, conflicting findings arise when researchers drill down to identify the type(s) of alcohol outlets with the strongest associations with harms and the mechanisms that explain these associations. These disagreements could be a result of the outdated methods commonly used to quantify the alcohol environment: counts of the number of outlets in an area.

Do neurocritical care units improve outcomes for brain-injured adults: a protocol for a systematic review and meta-analysis.

Introduction: Neurocritical care is a rapidly developing subspecialty within intensive care medicine which aims to improve outcomes of critically ill neurological patients. This has inspired the formation of specialised intensive care units or services to provide dedicated care of brain-injured patients, as well as new training pathways for physicians. However, expansion has been variable worldwide and it is yet to be determined if there are clear benefits in regard to patient outcomes.

Resident-to-Resident Elder Mistreatment in Residential Aged Care Services: A Systematic Review of Event Frequency, Type, Resident Characteristics, and History.

Objectives: Resident-to-resident elder mistreatment (R-REM) between residents living in residential aged care (RAC) services is a challenging issue in relation to the care of older people. Evidence suggests that R-REM, such as verbal, physical, and sexual conflict between residents, is a common and pervasive issue. This review examines the frequency with which R-REM occurs in RAC services; identifies the types of R-REM that occur; and provides an overview of the reported characteristics of both the victim and perpetrator involved in the R-REM event.

Protocol for a multicentre prehospital randomised controlled trial investigating tranexamic acid in severe trauma: the PATCH-Trauma trial.

Introduction: Haemorrhage causes most preventable prehospital trauma deaths and about a third of in-hospital trauma deaths. Tranexamic acid (TXA), administered soon after hospital arrival in certain trauma systems, is an effective therapy in preventing or managing acute traumatic coagulopathy. However, delayed administration of TXA appears to be ineffective or harmful.

Acute kidney injury secondary to severe delayed haemolysis in intravenous artesunate use for severe malaria.

The use of artemisinin derivatives has been recommended by the WHO guidelines in malaria treatment largely due to its rapid parasite clearance and safety profile. This case report details the development of delayed haemolysis and subsequent severe acute kidney injury (AKI) 13 days after commencing intravenous artesunate treatment for malaria in an Australian returned traveller. Delayed haemolysis may be an under-recognised complication following artesunate use and if severe, can be complicated by AKI.

Variation in the management of Kawasaki disease in Australia and New Zealand: A survey of paediatricians.

Aim: This study aimed to describe the current management practices for Kawasaki disease (KD) in Australia and New Zealand.

Methods: We performed a secondary analysis on the Australian and New Zealand responses to a large international survey of clinicians' perspectives on KD diagnosis and management.

Results: There was general consensus among Australian and New Zealand clinicians regarding the indications for intravenous immunoglobulin and aspirin in the management of acute KD.

Association Between Residential Greenness, Cardiometabolic Disorders, and Cardiovascular Disease Among Adults in China.

Importance: Living in areas with more vegetation (referred to as residential greenness) may be associated with cardiovascular disease (CVD), but little data are available from low- and middle-income countries. In addition, it remains unclear whether the presence of cardiometabolic disorders modifies or mediates the association between residential greenness and CVD.

Objective: To evaluate the associations between residential greenness, cardiometabolic disorders, and CVD prevalence among adults in China.

Health and productivity burden of coronary heart disease in the working Indonesian population using life-table modelling.

Objectives: The impact of coronary heart disease (CHD) and its effect on work productivity at a population level remains unknown in Indonesia. This study estimates the health and productivity lost to CHD in terms of years of life, quality-adjusted life years (QALYs) and productivity-adjusted life years (PALYs).

Setting And Participants: A life-table model was constructed to simulate the experiences of Indonesians currently aged 15-54 years (working age) with CHD, followed-up to 55 years (retirement age).

The association between blighted property remediation and domestic crime by alcohol availability.

There is increasing evidence that place-based interventions reduce crime and interpersonal violence in urban settings. However, evidence concerning the impacts of these neighborhood interventions on domestic crime (crime between intimate partners, family, or household members) is inconclusive. We used data from a New Orleans, Louisiana, place-based blighted property remediation intervention to test the hypothesis that the intervention was associated with changes in domestic crime.

Glycocalyx damage biomarkers in healthy controls, abdominal surgery, and sepsis: a scoping review.

Objective: Despite wide interest in glycocalyx biomarkers, their values in healthy individuals, patients after abdominal surgery, and septic patients have been poorly understood.

Methods: We searched MEDLINE, CENTRAL and EMBASE for papers measured glycocalyx biomarkers in healthy individuals, patients after abdominal surgery and septic patients.

Results: We extracted 3948 titles and identified 58 eligible papers.