Randomized Trial Examining the Effect of a 12-wk Exercise Program on Hedonic Eating.

Purpose: This efficacy trial tests the hypothesis that exercise training favorably affects hedonic eating (i.e., overeating, stress-induced overeating, disinhibited eating, eating when tempted), in a sample of women who are overweight or obese.

Four-Year Physical Activity Levels among Intervention Participants with Type 2 Diabetes.

Unlabelled: Physical activity (PA) has numerous health benefits, particularly for those with diabetes. However, rates of long-term PA participation are often poor.

Purpose: This study examined the effect of an intensive lifestyle intervention (ILI) on objectively assessed PA for a 4-yr period among older adults with type 2 diabetes.

Examination of the Consistency in Affective Response to Acute Exercise in Overweight and Obese Women.

This study examined whether inactive, overweight/obese women experience consistent affective responses to moderate-intensity exercise. Twenty-eight women participated in 3 identical (same treadmill grade and speed within a subject) 30-min exercise sessions. The Feeling Scale (FS), Positive and Negative Affect Schedule and Subjective Exercise Experience Scale were administered pre- and postexercise and FS was also administered every 5 min during exercise.

Weight change in the first 2 months of a lifestyle intervention predicts weight changes 8 years later.

Objective: Examine the relationship between 1- and 2-month weight loss (WL) and 8-year WL among participants enrolled in a lifestyle intervention.

Methods: 2,290 Look AHEAD participants (BMI: 35.65 ± 5.

Examination of whether early weight loss predicts 1-year weight loss among those enrolled in an Internet-based weight loss program.

One-month weight loss (WL) predicts posttreatment WL in face-to-face interventions; however, whether this holds true within Internet programs is unknown. This study examined whether 4-week WL predicts WL following a 12-week Internet program and at 6 and 12 months follow-up. A total of 181 participants (body mass index=33.

Consistency in compensatory eating responses following acute exercise in inactive, overweight and obese women.

It is often assumed that some individuals reliably increase energy intake (EI) post-exercise ('compensators') and some do not ('non-compensators'), leading researchers to examine the characteristics that distinguish these two groups. However, it is unclear whether EI post-exercise is stable over time. The present study examined whether compensatory eating responses to a single exercise bout are consistent within individuals across three pairs of trials.

A common variant in the CLDN7/ELP5 locus predicts adiponectin change with lifestyle intervention and improved fitness in obese individuals with diabetes.

Overweight/obese individuals with Type 2 diabetes have low adiponectin levels, which may improve with lifestyle changes. We investigated whether genetic variants associated with adiponectin levels in genome-wide association studies (GWAS) would also be related with adiponectin changes in response to an intensive lifestyle intervention (ILI), potentially through mechanisms altering the adipose microenvironment via weight loss and/or improved cardiorespiratory fitness. Look AHEAD was a randomized trial comparing the cardiovascular benefits of ILI-induced weight loss and physical activity compared with diabetes support and education among overweight/obese individuals with Type 2 diabetes.

Validity of Ratings of Perceived Exertion in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes.

Purpose: To examine whether a subjective measure of moderate-intensity exercise (12-13 on Borg's ratings of perceived exertion scale; RPE) corresponds to the target heart rate for moderate-intensity exercise (40-59% heart rate reserve; %HRR) and to determine the characteristics of those for whom RPE does not appropriately estimate exercise intensity.

Methods: 3582 individuals with type 2 diabetes (age: 58.3±6.

Evaluation of early weight loss thresholds for identifying nonresponders to an intensive lifestyle intervention.

Objective: Weight losses in lifestyle interventions are variable, yet prediction of long-term success is difficult. The utility of using various weight loss thresholds in the first 2 months of treatment for predicting 1-year outcomes was examined.

Methods: Participants included 2327 adults with type 2 diabetes (BMI:35.

Human cardiovascular disease IBC chip-wide association with weight loss and weight regain in the look AHEAD trial.

Background/aims: The present study identified genetic predictors of weight change during behavioral weight loss treatment.

Methods: Participants were 3,899 overweight/obese individuals with type 2 diabetes from Look AHEAD, a randomized controlled trial to determine the effects of intensive lifestyle intervention (ILI), including weight loss and physical activity, relative to diabetes support and education, on cardiovascular outcomes. Analyses focused on associations of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) on the Illumina CARe iSelect (IBC) chip (minor allele frequency >5%; n = 31,959) with weight change at year 1 and year 4, and weight regain at year 4, among individuals who lost ≥ 3% at year 1.

Genetic modifiers of cardiorespiratory fitness response to lifestyle intervention.

Purpose: Numerous prospective studies indicate that improved cardiorespiratory fitness reduces type 2 diabetes risk and delays disease progression. We hypothesized that genetic variants modify fitness response to an intensive lifestyle intervention (ILI) in the Action for Health in Diabetes (Look AHEAD) randomized clinical trial, aimed to detect whether ILI will reduce cardiovascular events in overweight/obese subjects with type 2 diabetes compared with a standard of care.

Methods: Polymorphisms in established fitness genes and in all loci assayed on the Illumina CARe iSelect chip were examined as predictors of change in MET level, estimated using a treadmill test, in response to a 1-yr intervention in 3899 participants.

FTO predicts weight regain in the Look AHEAD clinical trial.

Background: Genome-wide association studies have provided new insights into the genetic factors that contribute to the development of obesity. We hypothesized that these genetic markers would also predict magnitude of weight loss and weight regain after initial weight loss.

Methods: Established obesity risk alleles available on the Illumina CARe iSelect (IBC) chip were characterized in 3899 overweight or obese participants with type 2 diabetes from the Look AHEAD (Action for Health in Diabetes), a randomized trial to determine the effects of intensive lifestyle intervention (ILI) and diabetes support and education (DSE) on cardiovascular morbidity and mortality.

Physical activity enhancement to a behavioral weight loss program for severely obese individuals: A preliminary investigation.

Severe obesity is characterized by low physical activity (PA) and interventions to enhance PA are needed. Participants (45.0 ± 3.

Effectiveness of lifestyle interventions for individuals with severe obesity and type 2 diabetes: results from the Look AHEAD trial.

Objective: Rates of severe obesity (BMI ≥40 kg/m(2)) are on the rise, and effective treatment options are needed. We examined the effect of an intensive lifestyle intervention (ILI) on weight loss, cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk, and program adherence in participants with type 2 diabetes who were severely obese compared with overweight (BMI 25 to <30 kg/m(2)), class I (BMI 30 to <35 kg/m(2)), and class II (BMI 35 to <40 kg/m(2)) obese participants.

Research Design And Methods: Participants in the Action for Health in Diabetes (Look AHEAD) trial were randomly assigned to ILI or diabetes support and education (DSE).

Differential functional magnetic resonance imaging response to food pictures in successful weight-loss maintainers relative to normal-weight and obese controls.

Background: Prior research indicates that successful weight-loss maintainers (SWLs) work harder than people of normal weight to maintain their weight loss, including greater dietary restriction of fat and higher physical activity levels. However, little work to date has examined how SWLs differ biologically from normal-weight (NW) and obese controls.

Objective: The objective was to compare the brain responses of SWLs to food pictures with those of NW and obese controls.

How do Mothers, Fathers, and Friends Influence Stages of Adolescent Smoking?

Parent and friend influences may differentially promote or deter adolescent smoking at discrete stages. Drawing from national (Add Health) data, a partial proportional odds ordinal regression model was utilized to examine the multivariate influence of parent and friend variables and their interactions on transitions across smoking stages (Never Smokers, Experimenters, Intermittent, Regular/Established) separately for mother-child pairs (N = 15,983) and father-child pairs (N = 1,142). Friend smoking status was by far the strongest predictor across smoking stages.

Maintaining large weight losses: the role of behavioral and psychological factors.

Few studies have examined predictors of weight regain after significant weight losses. This prospective study examined behavioral and psychological predictors of weight regain in 261 successful weight losers who completed an 18-month trial of weight regain prevention that compared a control condition with self-regulation interventions delivered face-to-face or via the Internet. Linear mixed effect models were used to examine behavioral and psychological predictors of weight regain, both as main effects and as interactions with treatment group.

The environment and urban adolescents' use of recreational facilities for physical activity: a qualitative study.

Purpose: Investigate environmental factors influencing the use of recreational facilities for physical activity by urban African-American adolescents.

Design: Qualitative in-depth interviews and direct observation.

Setting: Two public high schools and 24 public recreational facilities in Baltimore, Maryland.

Effects of acute tyrosine/phenylalanine depletion on the selective processing of smoking-related cues and the relative value of cigarettes in smokers.

Rationale: Acute tyrosine/phenylalanine depletion (ATPD) is a validated neurobiological challenge that results in reduced dopaminergic neurotransmission, allowing examination of the effects of a hypodopaminergic state on craving-related processes.

Objectives: We studied 16 nonabstaining smokers (>10 cigarettes/day; 9 males; age 20-33 years) to whom was administered a tyrosine/phenylalanine-free mixture (TYR/PHE-free) and a balanced amino acid mixture (BAL) in a double-blind, counterbalanced, crossover design.

Methods: Subjective cigarette craving, attentional bias to smoking-related word cues, relative value of cigarettes, negative mood, and expired carbon monoxide (CO) levels were measured at various timepoints through 300 min.

Is provider training effective? Changes in attitudes towards smoking cessation counseling and counseling behaviors of home health care nurses.

Objective: We prospectively examined whether training home health care nurses is associated with changes in attitudes towards smoking cessation counseling and counseling behaviors.

Methods: We trained 98 home health care nurses to deliver cessation counseling to their patients. Measures were administered at pre-training, post-training, and 6 months later.

Step into Motion: a randomized trial examining the relative efficacy of Internet vs. print-based physical activity interventions.

Over two-thirds of Americans access the Internet and therefore, the Internet may be an important channel for reaching the large population of sedentary individuals. The purpose of this paper is to describe the methods for a randomized controlled trial examining the efficacy of an Internet-based physical activity intervention relative to a print intervention that has been shown to be effective in previous trials. Specifically, 249 sedentary participants were randomized to receive one of three interventions: 1) Internet-based motivationally-tailored individualized feedback (Tailored Internet); 2) print-based motivationally-tailored individualized feedback (Tailored Print); or 3) physical activity websites currently available to the public (Standard Internet).

A comparison of Internet and print-based physical activity interventions.

Background: Physical activity interventions tailored to individual characteristics and delivered via print produce greater increases in activity compared with nontailored interventions and controls. Using the Internet to deliver a tailored physical activity intervention offers an alternative to print that might be available to larger populations at a lower cost.

Methods: Participants (N=249 adults; mean [SD] age, 44.

Willingness to use microbicides is affected by the importance of product characteristics, use parameters, and protective properties.

Background: Along with efficacy, a microbicide's acceptability will be integral to its impact on the pandemic. Understanding Product Characteristics that users find most acceptable and determining who will use which type of product are key to optimizing use effectiveness.

Objectives: To evaluate psychometrically the Important Microbicide Characteristics (IMC) instrument and examine its relationship to willingness to use microbicides.