Tone deaf: Association of an auditory stimulus with predation risk by zebrafish Danio rerio does not generalize to another auditory stimulus.

Predator recognition by small fishes can be acquired when chemical alarm cues released from damaged skin (by a predator attack) are paired with a novel stimulus, such as the appearance or odor of a predator. Once learned, fish can extend recognition of risk by generalizing to associate risk with additional stimuli that are similar to the conditioned novel stimulus. Here, we trained zebrafish to associate a novel auditory stimulus with predation risk, and then tested to see if they generalize risk to all sound stimuli or whether the conditioned response is limited to the sound frequency of the conditioning stimulus.

Transitioning Cell Culture CURE Labs from Campus to Online: Novel Strategies for a Novel Time.

Course-based undergraduate research experiences (CUREs) provide a way for students to gain research experience in a classroom setting. Few examples of cell culture CUREs or online CUREs exist in the literature. The Cell Biology Education Consortium (CBEC) provides a network and resources for instructors working to incorporate cell-culture based research into the classroom.

Inside the Undergraduate Immunology Classroom: Current Practices that Provide a Framework for Curriculum Consensus.

Although immunological research has become increasingly important in recent decades for understanding infectious and immune-mediated diseases, immunological pedagogy at the undergraduate level has lagged behind in reports of evidence-based scholarship. To address the need for a renewed emphasis on immunology education and to describe the current status of undergraduate education in immunology, an online survey of instructors with experience in teaching immunology was conducted. The survey investigated the effects of instructors' level of teaching experience, target student population, and course components on the emphasis given to certain immunology subtopics in their courses.

Epidermal Club Cells in Fishes: A Case for Ecoimmunological Analysis.

Epidermal club cells (ECCs), along with mucus cells, are present in the skin of many fishes, particularly in the well-studied Ostariophysan family Cyprinidae. Most ECC-associated literature has focused on the potential role of ECCs as a component of chemical alarm cues released passively when a predator damages the skin of its prey, alerting nearby prey to the presence of an active predator. Because this warning system is maintained by receiver-side selection (senders are eaten), there is want of a mechanism to confer fitness benefits to the individual that invests in ECCs to explain their evolutionary origin and maintenance in this speciose group of fishes.

Factors Contributing to Sex Differences in Mice Inhaling .

is a respiratory fungal pathogen and an allergen, commonly detected in flooded indoor environments and agricultural settings. Previous studies in Balb/c mice showed that repeated inhalation of live and dry spores, without any adjuvant, elevated allergic immune response and airway remodeling. Sex-specific differences can influence host-pathogen interactions and allergic-asthma related outcomes.

Using Student-Led Discussion and Reflection of a Public Health-Related Nonfiction Book as a Tool to Encourage Inclusive Pedagogy in an Undergraduate Classroom.

Educators realize the need to provide an inclusive, safe environment in a diverse classroom setting to encourage discussion of sensitive topics. However, descriptions of evidence-based approaches that may help us to meet inclusive pedagogy-related competencies are limited. Here, we describe a discussion format that followed chapter readings from a nonfiction biographical book called (2003), by Tracy Kidder.

Facilitating Growth through Frustration: Using Genomics Research in a Course-Based Undergraduate Research Experience.

A hallmark of the research experience is encountering difficulty and working through those challenges to achieve success. This ability is essential to being a successful scientist, but replicating such challenges in a teaching setting can be difficult. The Genomics Education Partnership (GEP) is a consortium of faculty who engage their students in a genomics Course-Based Undergraduate Research Experience (CURE).

Differing, multiscale landscape effects on genetic diversity and differentiation in eastern chipmunks.

Understanding how habitat loss and fragmentation impact genetic variation is a major goal in landscape genetics, but to date, most studies have focused solely on the correlation between intervening matrix and genetic differentiation at a single spatial scale. Several caveats exist in these study designs, among them is the inability to include measures of genetic diversity in addition to differentiation. Both genetic metrics help predict population persistence, but are expected to function at differing spatial scales, which requires a multiscale investigation.

Convergence and divergence to radial optic flow in infancy.

Research finds a relationship between the development of depth perception and ocular motion functions including smooth pursuit and ocular following response. Infants' reactions to looming stimuli also suggest sensitivity to optic flow information that specifies relative distance. With radial optic flow, an expanding flow field elicits involuntary convergent eye movements while a contracting one elicits involuntary divergent eye movements.

Evidence for incipient alarm signalling in fish.

In Focus: Bairos-Novak, K.R., Ferrari, M.

Children's peer beliefs, friendlessness, and friendship quality: Reciprocal influences and contributions to internalizing symptoms.

Children's peer beliefs have been shown to mediate the link between stress experienced within the peer group and later internalizing symptoms. This study extends this research by examining bidirectional associations between children's peer beliefs, friendlessness, and perceived friendship quality (i.e.

Quality improvement in hospice settings: perceptions of leaders.

Purpose: The purpose of this paper is to explore and examine attitudes and perceptions of leaders on application of quality improvement (QI) strategies in a palliative and hospice care organization.

Design/methodology/approach: This study employed qualitative research methodology where leaders working in a hospice and palliative care organization were invited to participate in 45-60-min-long semi-structured interview. Interviews were recorded and transcribed verbatim.

Using Phenomenological Hermeneutics to Understand the Experiences of Managers Working with Quality Improvement Strategies in an Assisted Living Facility.

This qualitative research project aimed to gain an understanding of the experiences of managers who participated in the implementation of quality improvement projects in an assisted living facility. This study employed hermeneutic phenomenology as a research methodology, whereby managers working in an assisted living facility were invited to participate in a 60-75 min semi-structured interview. Six managers participated in the interviews.

The role of subject presence type on student motivation in a PBL learning environment.

Students have been observed as underprepared or skipping steps during the problem-based learning (PBL) process due to fatigue or low motivation, potentially creating a barrier for effective learning. One way to explore resolving this issue is to consider whether variables of problem scenario design can be altered to optimize motivation. This mixed method study considered the impact of presentation modality of the PBL problem subject (i.

Establishing a role for environmental toxicant exposure induced epigenetic remodeling in malignant transformation.

Humans are exposed to a wide variety of environmental exposures throughout their lifespan. These include both naturally occurring toxins and chemical toxicants like pesticides, herbicides, and industrial chemicals, many of which have been implicated as possible contributors to human disease susceptibility [1-3]. We, and others, have hypothesized that environmental exposures may cause adaptive epigenetic changes in regenerative cell populations and developing organisms, leading to abnormal gene expression and increased disease susceptibility later in life [3].

Olfactorily-mediated cortisol response to chemical alarm cues in zebrafish Danio rerio.

Chemical cues released as a by-product of predation mediate antipredator behaviour, but little is known about the physiological responses to olfactory detection of predation risk. In this study, zebrafish Danio rerio were exposed to either chemical alarm cues from conspecifics, or water (control). Compared with water controls, D.

Maize leaf PPDK regulatory protein isoform-2 is specific to bundle sheath chloroplasts and paradoxically lacks a Pi-dependent PPDK activation activity.

In C4 plants, the pyruvate phosphate dikinase regulatory protein (PDRP) regulates the C4 pathway enzyme pyruvate phosphate dikinase (PPDK) in response to changes in incident light intensity. In maize (Zea mays) leaves, two distinct isoforms of PDRP are expressed, ZmPDRP1 and ZmPDRP2. The properties and C4 function of the ZmPDRP1 isoform are well understood.

Effects of 3 Different Elastic Therapeutic Taping Methods on the Subacromial Joint Space.

Objective: The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of 3 different elastic therapeutic taping methods on the subacromial joint space in healthy adults.

Methods: Pre-/post-test laboratory study method was used in this study. Forty-eight healthy adults with no prior history of shoulder injury or surgery and no history of dominant shoulder pain in the past 6 months were enrolled in the study.

Emotional response of undergraduates to cadaver dissection.

The most effective way to learn human anatomy is through cadaver dissection. Historically, cadaver dissection has been the provenance of professional schools. Increasingly, cadaver-based courses in human anatomy are shifting to the undergraduate level, which creates both problems and opportunities because of differences between undergraduate and graduate student populations.

INVESTIGATING THE EFFECTIVENESS OF KINESIO® TAPING SPACE CORRECTION METHOD IN HEALTHY ADULTS ON PATELLOFEMORAL JOINT AND SUBCUTANEOUS SPACE.

Background: Limited quantitative, physiological evidence exists regarding the effectiveness of Kinesio® Taping methods, particularly with respect to the potential ability to impact underlying physiological joint space and structures. To better understand the impact of these techniques, the underlying physiological processes must be investigated in addition to the examination of more subjective measures related to pain in unhealthy tissues.

Hypothesis/purpose: The purpose of this study was to determine whether the Kinesio® Taping Space Correction Method created a significant difference in patellofemoral joint space, as quantified by diagnostic ultrasound.

Biotemplating pores with size and shape diversity for Li-oxygen Battery Cathodes.

Synthetic porogens provide an easy way to create porous structures, but their usage is limited due to synthetic difficulties, process complexities and prohibitive costs. Here we investigate the use of bacteria, sustainable and naturally abundant materials, as a pore template. The bacteria require no chemical synthesis, come in variable sizes and shapes, degrade easier and are approximately a million times cheaper than conventional porogens.

Evaluating the influence of life-history characteristics on genetic structure: a comparison of small mammals inhabiting complex agricultural landscapes.

Conversion of formerly continuous native habitats into highly fragmented landscapes can lead to numerous negative demographic and genetic impacts on native taxa that ultimately reduce population viability. In response to concerns over biodiversity loss, numerous investigators have proposed that traits such as body size and ecological specialization influence the sensitivity of species to habitat fragmentation. In this study, we examined how differences in body size and ecological specialization of two rodents (eastern chipmunk; Tamias striatus and white-footed mouse; Peromyscus leucopus) impact their genetic connectivity within the highly fragmented landscape of the Upper Wabash River Basin (UWB), Indiana, and evaluated whether landscape configuration and complexity influenced patterns of genetic structure similarly between these two species.

Bold, Sedentary Fathead Minnows Have More Parasites.

Parasites that rely on trophic transmission can manipulate the behavior of an intermediate host to compromise the host's antipredator competence and increase the probability of reaching the next host. Selection for parasite manipulation is diminished when there is significant risk of host death to causes other than consumption by a suitable definitive host for the parasite. Consequently, behavioral manipulation by parasites can be expected to be subtle.

An Integrated Metabolomic and Microbiome Analysis Identified Specific Gut Microbiota Associated with Fecal Cholesterol and Coprostanol in Clostridium difficile Infection.

Clostridium difficile infection (CDI) is characterized by dysbiosis of the intestinal microbiota and a profound derangement in the fecal metabolome. However, the contribution of specific gut microbes to fecal metabolites in C. difficile-associated gut microbiome remains poorly understood.