Differences in Biofilm Formation by Methicillin-Resistant and Methicillin-Susceptible Strains.

() is a common pathogen involved in community- and hospital-acquired infections. Its biofilm formation ability predisposes it to device-related infections. Methicillin-resistant (MRSA) strains are associated with more serious infections and higher mortality rates and are more complex in terms of antibiotic resistance.

Interleukin-1 Receptor-Like 2: One Receptor, Three Agonists, and Many Implications.

The interleukin (IL)-1 superfamily of cytokines comprises 11 pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines, which play essential roles during the immune response. Several pathogenic pathways are initiated by IL-1RL2 (interleukin 1 receptor-like 2) signaling, also known as IL-36R, in the skin, lungs, and gut. IL-36 cytokines promote the secretion of proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines, upregulation of antimicrobial peptides, proliferation mediators, and adhesion molecules on endothelial cells.