Olive oil biophenols and women's health.

Olea europea, the olive tree, is an ancient tree that originates from the Mediterranean environment of Asia Minor. The edible olive fruit is also used for its oil, gained by the process of pressing, a nutrient with proven beneficial effects. Virgin olive oil is the natural juice of the olive fruit, which plays a major role in the healthy Mediterranean diet.

Soy consumption during menopause.

In developed countries, the life expectancy of women is currently extending more than 30 years beyond the age of menopause. The menopausal transition is often associated with complaints. The conflicting results on the effectivity of phytoestrogens to alleviate menopausal symptoms.

Evaluation and management of depressive and anxiety symptoms in midlife.

Objectives: Evaluation and management of anxiety and depression during the menopausal transition are complicated by the overlap between some symptoms of affective disorder with those of menopausal symptoms, and also by inconsistencies in the literature regarding the relationship between the menopausal transition and affective disorders.

Methods: We have reviewed key studies over the past three decades addressing depression and anxiety during the menopause transition, in order to present a practical, clinical approach to the evaluation and management of anxiety and depressive symptoms at midlife.

Results: Symptoms of anxiety and depression are common at midlife and may coincide with menopausal symptoms.

Does hormone therapy, tibolone or raloxifene modify VEGF expression in cervical epithelial cells?

Aim: Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) seems to be a critical molecule in cervical carcinogenesis. We aimed to investigate the possible associations between hormonal factors and VEGF expression in cervical epithelial cells from postmenopausal women.

Method: A total of 105 healthy postmenopausal women (aged 45-68 years old) attending a university menopause clinic were enrolled in this cross-sectional study.

A randomized, controlled pilot trial of hormone therapy for menopausal insomnia.

Insomnia is a frequent climacteric symptom. This pilot, double-blind, randomized placebo-controlled trial compared estradiol associated with trimegestone or placebo in 12 women with perimenopausal insomnia. The Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) was administered, and polysomnography was performed at baseline and after 28 days.

The silent grief: psychosocial aspects of premature ovarian failure.

Objective: Premature ovarian failure in women under 40 years is uncommon, but not rare (1-3%), with up to 2.5% of adolescents affected. This study aims to investigate women's experiences of diagnosis, perception of cause, treatment, main concerns, long-term consequences and impact on self-esteem, sexual functioning and health-related quality of life.

Hypertension in women: the role of progesterone and aldosterone.

The age-related course of blood pressure and its gender-related difference, as well as the incidence of hypertension, have been the subject of multiple experimental, clinical and epidemiological studies over the past decades. The role of the sex hormones estradiol and testosterone within this gender dimorphism has been investigated without conclusive results. In this review, we provide background information on the gender difference in blood pressure, describe the impact of progesterone and aldosterone, and discuss the pathophysiology of aldosteronism as well as the potential role of drospirenone as a gender-specific agent for the prevention and treatment of hypertension and for cardiovascular protection.

Ten reasons to be happy about hormone replacement therapy: a guide for patients.

In spite of the negative press reports following the 2002 Women's Health Initiative (WHI) publication, women can be reassured that in the correct circumstances, hormone replacement therapy (HRT) is beneficial and safe, particularly if treatment is started below the age of 60. Transdermal estradiol is probably safer than oral estrogens as coagulation factors are not induced in the liver and HRT is safer if a minimal duration and dose of progestogen is used. HRT is effective for the treatment of estrogen-deficiency symptoms of flushes, sweats and vaginal dryness.

Adherence with hormone replacement therapy in menopause.

Objective: Lack of adherence to therapy is a common problem in the treatment of various diseases and conditions and there are many well-documented reasons for it. This study was conducted to assess the effect of time spent on medical consultation in relation to the duration of adherence, as well as the reasons to adhere to or drop out from hormone replacement therapy (HRT).

Design And Methods: Two methods were used, self-filled questionnaires on a sample of patients and telephone interviews on a sample of doctors.

Introduction to an integrated competence framework for health-care support workers and nurses working in menopause.

The evolving role of the menopause nurse is essential to the provision of expert clinical care, and for the education of both patients and health-care professionals. The new Royal College of Nursing integrated competence framework for health-care support workers and nurses working in menopause has been developed to provide specialist guidance and can be used to ensure practice is safe, effective and accountable. It supports acknowledgement for knowledge, skills and competence in their daily roles whilst caring for women at the time of menopause.

The historical response to female sexuality.

In the past, medical attitudes to female sexuality were grotesque, reflecting the anxiety and hypocrisy of the times. In the medieval world, the population feared hunger, the devil, and women, being particularly outraged and threatened by normal female sexuality. The 19th century attitude was no better as academics confirmed the lower intellectual status of women, particularly if they ventured into education.

Why are physicians reluctant to use estrogens for anything--or do they prefer 'PROFOX'?

The reluctance of physicians to use estrogens in women with hormone responsive disorders is a tragic result of the 2002 WHI study. Although their hostility to estrogen therapy antedated these studies, the flawed data is now used as justification for the denial of estrogens for treatment of low bone density and various types of hormone responsive depression in women. Estrogens should be first choice therapy for osteoporosis in women under the age of 60 years, but in practice bisphosphonates, with its increasing number of long-term side-effects, has become first-line therapy for physicians.

The benefits of oestrogen following menopause: why hormone replacement therapy should be offered to postmenopausal women.

Recently, two major epidemiological studies found that hormone replacement therapy (HRT) in postmenopausal women increased the risk of breast cancer. One of the studies also found that HRT increased the risk of cardiovascular disease and thrombosis. As a consequence, women were advised to cease this therapy.

Parity is associated with lower cervical E-cadherin expression in postmenopausal women.

Aim: Epithelial cadherin (E-cadherin), a transmembrane glycoprotein involved in calcium-dependent homophilic cell-cell adhesion, is expressed aberrantly during cervical carcinogenesis. E-cadherin expression and putatively implicated predictors in healthy women remain a rather under-investigated area. The objective of this study is to evaluate the possible associations between E-cadherin expression and reproductive/lifestyle factors in cervical epithelial cells from postmenopausal women.

E-cadherin expression in cervical epithelial cells of postmenopausal women: association with hormone therapy, tibolone, and raloxifene.

This study assesses the possible associations between postmenopausal therapy (hormone therapy, raloxifene, and tibolone) and E-cadherin expression in normal cervical Papanicolaou smears (squamous, glandular, and metaplastic cells). E-cadherin immunostaining was less intense in metaplastic cells of women on tibolone, whereas hormone therapy and raloxifene were not associated with altered E-cadherin expression.

A comparison of the effects of sequential transdermal versus continuous orally administered hormone replacement therapies on plasma total homocysteine levels in postmenopausal women: a randomized, placebo-controlled study.

Objective: The objective was to determine the effects of transdermal and oral hormone replacement therapies on plasma total homocysteine levels in postmenopausal women.

Material And Methods: One hundred and ten postmenopausal patients were enrolled in the study. Participants were randomized into three groups: in Group A (n = 31) oral continuous combined therapy and in Group B (n = 30) transdermal sequential hormone replacement therapy were given for 6 months.

A comparison of effects of sequential transdermal administration versus oral administration of estradiol plus norethisterone acetate on serum NO levels in postmenopausal women.

Aim: To compare the effects of sequential transdermal administration versus oral administration of estradiol plus NETA on serum nitric oxide (NO) levels in postmenopausal women (PMW).

Materials And Methods: Eighty postmenopausal subjects without any prior hormone replacement therapy (HRT) usage were enrolled in this study. All participants were healthy, ambulatory, non-smoker and had similar life styles with dietary habits.

WHI and aftermath: looking beyond the figures.

In contrast to the preliminary results of the WHI conjugated equine estrogen plus medroxyprogesterone acetate arm published 2 years ago, the final results from that arm as well as preliminary data from the conjugated equine estrogen-only arm showed that the panic over hormone treatment for menopausal women was unjustified. Moreover, the data for women younger than 60-years-old was even more reassuring. WHI was a study on elderly women starting hormones under the assumption that it may confer cardioprotection.

Statins have additive effects to vertebral bone mineral density in combination with risedronate in hypercholesterolemic postmenopausal women.

Background: Recent data suggest that statins used in the treatment of hypercholesterolaemia decrease fracture risk. In this study, we aimed to investigate prospectively whether statins have an additive effect to bisphosphonates (risedronate) according to the primary hypothesis that the addition of atorvastatin to risedronate would produce an increase, from baseline, in lumbar vertebrae and total hip BMD that was greater than that observed with risedronate alone.

Methods: A total of 120 hypercholesterolaemic postmenopausal women with osteoporosis or osteopenia were randomized to receive risedronate (5 mg/day) or risedronate (5 mg/day) plus atorvastatin (20 mg/day).

Vascular reactivity and atheromatous plaques in post-menopausal women on tibolone treatment. Open prospective study with Doppler ultrasonography in internal carotid artery.

Background: Arteriosclerosis is the main cause of ischaemic ictus. The middle cerebral and anterior cerebral arteries, which irrigate over 70% of the entire cerebral tissue, spring from the internal carotid. Additionally, it is in the extracraneal vessels that embolism, thrombosis and stenosis originate more frequently.

Dysfunctional uterine bleeding.

Background: Dysfunctional uterine bleeding (DUB) is the major cause of heavy menstrual bleeding and impacts on women's health both medically and socially.

Objective: This article reviews the management of DUB.

Discussion: Dysfunctional uterine bleeding is defined as heavy menstrual uterine bleeding not due to any recognisable cause and is therefore a diagnosis of exclusion.

What is the normal heart rate of a term fetus?

There is controversy about the value of continuous versus intermittent auscultation of the fetal heart during labour, but there is no agreement on what constitutes normal heart rate of a term fetus. There are variations between the definitions adopted by different countries, and even within a single country. We propose 110-160 beats per minute for clinical use.