9,071 results match your criteria: "Meningitis Viral"

[Meningitis Due to Haemophilus influenzae Serotype A and Adenovirus: A Rare Case of Co-Infection in a Six-Month-Old Infant].

Acta Med Port

January 2025

Serviço de Pediatra e Neonatologia. Unidade Local de Saúde da Póvoa de Varzim. Vila do Conde. Póvoa de Varzim. Portugal.

Haemophilus influenzae serotype A is a rare cause of meningitis and invasive disease in pediatric patients. A six-month-old infant presented to the emergency room with fever, cough and nasal drip. On admission, the infant was alert and hemodynamically stable but progressively became more lethargic with bulging of the fontanelle.

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[Rapid Diagnosis of Central Nervous System Infections by Multiplex PCR Assay and the Viral Etiology in Children].

Mikrobiyol Bul

October 2024

University of Health Sciences, Dr. Behçet Uz Pediatric Diseases and Surgery Training and Research Hospital, Clinic of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, İzmir, Türkiye.

Article Synopsis
  • The study investigates the effectiveness of syndromic tests for diagnosing central nervous system (CNS) infections in children, highlighting the urgency of timely diagnosis.
  • A total of 145 pediatric patients were analyzed, revealing that viral pathogens were the most common cause of CNS infections among those tested, with bacterial and no fungal infections detected.
  • The use of syndromic tests significantly reduced diagnostic turnaround time, which averaged around 2 hours, and aided in guiding appropriate treatment for affected children.
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Pyogenic spinal infections due to  ()are rare. After a search of the literature, we deemed our case to be the first description of spinal epidural abscess (SEA) from . This is a 74-year-old female patient with a history of diabetes who presented to the emergency department with fever and persistent paracervical pain after being initially diagnosed with viral sinusitis two days prior.

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Pediatric Meningeal Diseases: What Radiologists Need to Know.

Tomography

December 2024

Department of Radiology, Nemours Children's Health, 1600 Rockland Rd., Wilmington, DE 19803, USA.

Evaluating altered mental status and suspected meningeal disorders in children often begins with imaging, typically before a lumbar puncture. The challenge is that meningeal enhancement is a common finding across a range of pathologies, making diagnosis complex. This review proposes a categorization of meningeal diseases based on their predominant imaging characteristics.

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The functional specialization of CD4 T lymphocytes into various subtypes, including T1 and T cells, is crucial for effective immune responses. T cells facilitate B cell differentiation within germinal centers, while T1 cells are vital for cell-mediated immunity against intracellular pathogens. Integrin α4, a cell surface adhesion molecule, plays significant roles in cell migration and co-stimulatory signaling.

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An Atypical Case of Miller Fisher Syndrome.

Cureus

November 2024

Internal Medicine, Summa Health, Akron, USA.

Miller Fisher syndrome (MFS) is a rare variant of Guillain-Barré syndrome (GBS) characterized by a classic triad of external ophthalmoplegia, ataxia, and areflexia, often following a recent infection.  Understanding atypical presentations of MFS is crucial for timely diagnosis and management, as the syndrome may be mistaken for other neurological disorders. This report aims to highlight the clinical journey of the patient, including symptom onset, diagnostic challenges, and therapeutic interventions, with a discussion of the broader implications of such atypical cases in the context of MFS.

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Background: Group A Streptococci (GAS) may cause infections of the pharynx and soft tissues and invasive infections in children (iGAS). A significant increase in severe iGAS infections has been reported in Europe since the fall of 2022.

Objectives: This retrospective study aims to analyse clinical data of children with invasive and non-invasive GAS infections in the post-COVID-19 pandemic era, searching for predisposing factors to developing invasive infections.

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The Critical Lens: It is time to start using the right test for febrile young infants.

Paediatr Child Health

November 2024

Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology and Occupational Health, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.

Fever among infants in the first months of life is a common clinical conundrum facing all clinicians who treat children. Most well-appearing febrile young infants have viral illnesses. However, it is critical to identify those at risk of invasive bacterial infections, specifically bacteremia and bacterial meningitis.

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Biomarkers in paediatric bacterial meningitis: a systematic review and meta-analysis of diagnostic test accuracy.

Clin Microbiol Infect

December 2024

Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Department of Neurology, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Meibergdreef, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. Electronic address:

Article Synopsis
  • The study systematically reviewed biomarkers in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and blood for diagnosing paediatric bacterial meningitis.
  • It included 112 articles on 113 individual biomarkers, finding significant differences in concentrations between bacterial and viral meningitis.
  • Key CSF biomarkers like CRP, IL-6, and procalcitonin showed excellent accuracy in distinguishing bacterial meningitis from other infections, supporting their potential use in clinical settings.
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Efficient Expression of Oropouche Virus Nonstructural Proteins NSs and NSm.

Methods Mol Biol

December 2024

Department of Pathology, The Sealy Institute for Vaccine Sciences, The Center for Biodefense and Emerging Infectious Diseases, The University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston, TX, USA.

Oropouche fever, a mosquito- or midge-borne emerging zoonotic disease endemic to South and Central America, manifests as a dengue-like acute febrile illness with occasional occurrences of meningitis or meningoencephalitis. The causative agent, Oropouche virus (OROV), belongs to the genus Orthobunyavirus within the family Peribunyaviridae. Its tripartite negative-sense RNA genome comprises small (S), medium (M), and large (L) segments, encoding structural N, Gn/Gc, and L proteins, respectively.

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Unlabelled: Viral aseptic meningitis is a neuroinflammatory condition that occurs when viruses gain access to the central nervous system (CNS) and induce inflammation. The blood-brain barrier (BBB) is comprised of brain endothelial cells (BECs) that stringently regulate the passage of molecules, toxins, and pathogens from the circulation into the CNS. Through their unique properties, such as complex tight junctions, reduced rates of endocytosis, expression of efflux transporters, and restricted expression of leukocyte adhesion molecules, the BBB is often able to limit pathogen entry into the brain; however, certain neurotropic pathogens, such as coxsackievirus B3 (CVB3) are able to infect the CNS.

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Western equine encephalitis is a zoonotic viral disease transmitted by the bite of an infected mosquito. Humans are terminal hosts and since they develop a very low and short lasting viremia, they are incapable of transmitting the disease. Most cases are asymptomatic, but it can present with high fever, myalgia and encephalitis or meningitis.

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Ferroptosis exacerbates the clonal deletion of virus-specific exhausted CD8 T cells.

Front Immunol

December 2024

Institute of Immunological Innovation and Translation, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.

During chronic infection or tumorigenesis, persistent antigen stimulation contributes to the exhaustion of CD8 T cells. Nevertheless, exhausted CD8 T (T) cells still preserve certain effector function, and maintaining a reservoir of exhausted cells is of vital importance for virus elimination and tumor eradiation. Despite considerable work interrogating the rejuvenation of T cells, mechanisms underpinning the clonal deletion of T cells remain largely unexplored over the past decade.

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Reducing the Risk: An Evidence-Based Approach to the Febrile Infant <60 Days of Age in the Emergency Department.

Adv Emerg Nurs J

December 2024

Author Affiliations: Mid-Atlantic Emergency Medical Associates, Charlotte, North Carolina (Dr Jordan, Dr Steelman, and Ms McInnis); and UNC Charlotte School of Nursing, Charlotte, North Carolina (Dr Jordan).

Fever is the most common complaint for children of all ages who present to an emergency department (ED) for evaluation and treatment. Although most children with fever have a self-limiting viral illness, the infant less than 60 days of age with fever poses a higher risk for an underlying serious bacterial illness (SBI) including urinary tract infections, bacteremia and bacterial meningitis, or an invasive bacterial infection (IBI) including bacteremia. This case is a discussion of a high-risk febrile infant that was evaluated in the emergency department and was ultimately diagnosed with Streptococcus B meningitis.

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Background: Nigeria adapted the WHO package of care for Advanced HIV Disease (AHD) in 2020. The package includes CD4 + cell count testing to identify People Living with HIV (PLHIV) with AHD, screening and treatment of opportunistic infections, rapid antiretrovirals (ART) initiation, and intensive adherence follow-up. The national program adopted a phased approach in the rollout of the AHD package of care to learn lessons from a few representative health facilities before scaling up across the country.

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We describe the proportion of VZV infection in central nervous system (CNS) infectious syndromes in a single Israeli medical center. An observational cohort study was conducted in Kaplan Medical Center (a secondary hospital, Israel) between July 1, 2014, and March 31, 2019. Included were adult patients (≥ 16 years old) with CNS infection with an aseptic CSF profile that were subjected to molecular tests for herpes viruses, HSV either 1 or 2, VZV, enteroviruses, and IgM for West Nile virus (WNV).

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Neonates who develop fever have a high risk for serious infection, and while the standard of care involves performing a full sepsis evaluation, current guidelines do not include viral polymerase chain reaction (PCR) testing of the cerebrospinal fluid as a standard of care, which means that cases of viral meningitis can be missed. This case presentation discusses a neonate who had a fever at four days of life who then underwent a full sepsis evaluation. A respiratory viral panel demonstrated rhino/enterovirus positivity.

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Epilepsy surgery for postinfectious lesions: A review.

Epilepsy Behav

January 2025

Neuropediatric Clinic and Clinic for Neurorehabilitation, Epilepsy Center for Children and Adolescents, Schoen-Klinik Vogtareuth, Vogtareuth, Germany.

Article Synopsis
  • Cerebral infections lead to structural focal epilepsy, especially in developing countries, where they increase the risk of unprovoked seizures and brain damage during acute phases.
  • Despite many patients suffering from drug-resistant epilepsy post-infection, only a few are referred for surgery, though those with mesial temporal sclerosis (MTS) from early life infections are strong candidates for temporal resections.
  • While surgeries for infections like herpes simplex virus encephalitis are often less successful due to extensive brain damage, removing MTS along with calcified lesions can significantly improve outcomes in selected patients.
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Enterovirus A71 (EV-A71) is a major cause of hand-foot-and-mouth disease (HFMD), particularly in cases that involve complications affecting the nervous system or cardiopulmonary function. In South America, EV-A71 has primarily been identified through studies of acute flaccid paralysis (AFP) and other neurological disorders. In September 2022, two children from a small city in Uruguay were hospitalized with presumptive rhombencephalitis, exhibiting symptoms of HFMD.

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Article Synopsis
  • Human parechoviruses (HPeVs) are significant causes of central nervous system infections in neonates, with a study conducted in Alberta from 2014 to 2019 focusing on HPeV-3 and the emerging HPeV-5 strains.
  • Among the 18,882 cerebrospinal fluid samples tested, 56 were positive for HPeVs, with a higher prevalence in 2016 and a notable spike in infections during late summer to fall.
  • The study found differences in mean ages of infection (18 days for HPeV-5 vs. 26 days for HPeV-3), and genetic sequencing suggested similarities with a recombinant strain identified in Australia, highlighting the need for ongoing research
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An increase in the number of herpes zoster patients has been reported since universal varicella immunization was introduced, perhaps because of reduced opportunities for varicella patients to experience the natural booster effect caused by reexposure. We investigated recent trends of varicella zoster virus (VZV)-related central nervous system (CNS) infections at a university hospital in Japan. We enrolled patients with suspected CNS infection during 2013-2022 and tested cerebrospinal fluid samples by real-time PCR for DNA from 7 human herpesviruses.

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Objectives: Acute central nervous system (CNS) infections in children can lead to neurological complications and mortality. This study aimed to identify the clinical manifestations, laboratory parameters, and cerebrospinal fluid characteristics indicative of CNS infections and define the risk factors that lead to pediatric intensive care unit (PICU) admission in the pediatric population of Şanlıurfa, a city in southeastern Turkey.

Methods: This retrospective analysis included patients aged 1 month to 18 years who were treated for acute CNS infections in the Şanlıurfa Training and Research Hospital between January 2020 and May 2023.

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Article Synopsis
  • The study focuses on meningoencephalitis, which involves both meningitis and encephalitis, aiming to analyze the clinical features, lab tests, imaging results, and factors predicting outcomes in affected patients.
  • Conducted from July 2021 to March 2023, it enrolled patients who met the case definitions for meningitis and encephalitis, tracking their mortality and health recovery over one and three months post-discharge.
  • Out of 102 cases, various infectious and non-infectious causes were identified, with notable findings in cerebrospinal fluid analysis and imaging; particularly, high mortality rates were seen in fungal and rickettsial cases while patient recovery varied depending on the type of meningoencephalitis experienced
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Neurological Complications Associated With Varicella-Zoster Virus Infection.

Cureus

October 2024

Department of Pediatrics: Pediatric Neurology, Local Healthcare Unit Alto Ave, Guimarães, PRT.

Varicella-zoster virus is a highly contagious infection that primarily affects children. It typically presents as a mild, self-limiting illness with a distinctive rash. However, severe complications can arise, with skin and soft tissue infections being the most common.

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The Arenaviridae family of segmented RNA viruses contains nearly 70 species with several associated with fatal haemorrhagic fevers, including Lassa, Lujo and Junin viruses. Lymphocytic choriomeningitis arenavirus (LCMV) is associated with fatal neurologic disease in humans and additionally represents a tractable model for studying arenavirus biology. Within cultured cells, a high proportion of LCMV spread is between directly neighbouring cells, suggesting infectivity may pass through intercellular connections, bypassing the canonical extracellular route involving egress from the plasma membrane.

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