Delayed Puberty.

Testicular volume ≥4 ml and appearance of breast budding are the first signs of puberty. Delayed puberty is diagnosed in the absence of thelarche by 13 y or menarche by 15 y in girls and absence of testicular enlargement by 14 y in boys. Delayed puberty can be due to hypogonadotrophic hypogonadism, hypergonadotrophic hypogonadism or eugonadotrophic eugonadism characterised by low, elevated and normal gonadotrophin levels, respectively.

Audit of management of children and adolescents with congenital adrenal hyperplasia as per recent Endocrine Society guidelines.

Introduction: In view of the modifications in the endocrine society guidelines on evaluation and management of children with congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH), we performed a review of children and adolescents with CAH.

Material And Methods: An audit of 35 children with CAH presenting to the pediatric endocrinology clinic between January 2014 to November 2021 was conducted by formulating ten audit questions. The areas of focus included: genital reconstructive surgery, neonatal screening for CAH, stress dosing, need for adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH) stimulation test, growth promoting therapy, bone age assessment, adrenal imaging, bone mineral density assessment, adequacy of hormone replacement and appropriate management of non-classical CAH.

Comparison of Asthma Control among Children 5-18 Years of Age by Asthma Control Test Questionnaire of Global Initiative for Asthma 2017 (GINA-2017) Against Spirometry.

Objective: To compare asthma control by Asthma Control Test (ACT)/Childhood Asthma Control Test (cACT) Questionnaire of Global Initiative for Asthma 2017 (GINA-2017) against spirometry in children, 5-18 y of age, with asthma.

Methods: A prospective observational study was conducted between July 2017 and March 2019 in pulmonology OPD of a tertiary care center. Children with asthma aged 5-18 y, falling under the inclusion criteria had spirometry and cACT/ACT questionnaire before starting inhaled corticosteroids.

Prevalence and Determinants of Occurrence of Dyslipidemia in Subjects with Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus.

Objective: To describe the prevalence and determinants of occurrence of dyslipidemia in children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM).

Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted in the diabetic clinic of a tertiary care referral hospital over two years. Subjects with T1DM aged 2-18 y had assessment of Lipid profile after 12 h of fasting.

Response of South Indian girls with central precocious puberty to gonadotrophin analogue (GnRHa) therapy - a single center experience.

Aim Of The Study: To describe the clinical, auxological, biochemical and radiological response to GnRH analogue in female children with central precocious puberty (CPP).

Material And Methods: The data on 22 female children presenting with the larche < 8 years, pubarche < 8 years or menarche < 9 years diagnosed as CPP was collected from the records over a four year period. Assessment included growth parameters, Tanners staging; bone age (BA) by Greulich and Pyle method, ultrasonography of abdomen to assess uterine length and ovarian size and z score derived; biochemical evaluation included serum luteinising hormone (LH), follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) and estradiol (E2); and MRI brain.

Comparison of Bone Age Assessments by Gruelich-Pyle, Gilsanz-Ratib, and Tanner Whitehouse Methods in Healthy Indian Children.

Background: There are several methods of bone age (BA) assessment, which include Gruelich-Pyle (GP), Gilsanz-Ratib (GR), and Tanner Whitehouse-3 (TW-3) methods. Although GP atlas is the most widely used, there are concerns about its accuracy in children of different ethnicities, making the use of the TW-3 method an attractive option in Indian children.

Objectives: 1) To assess the relationship of BA with chronological age (CA) as assessed by different methods (GP, GR, and TW-3) in healthy Indian children 2) To assess which of the three methods of BA assessment is more suitable in Indian children.

Utility of wrist circumference in recognition of metabolic syndrome in overweight and obese South Indian children and adolescents.

Objective: To describe the utility of wrist circumference in the identification of cardiometabolic risk in overweight and obese children.

Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted in the obesity clinic of a tertiary care referral hospital over a two year period. All children and adolescents aged 5-17 years with nutritional overweight and obesity were recruited.

Congenital hypothyroidism in Indian preterm babies - screening, prevalence, and aetiology.

Introduction: Paucity of data on hypothyroidism in Indian preterms. Aim of the study: To describe the prevalence, aetiology, and experience with screening for primary hypothyroidism in preterm babies.

Material And Methods: A prospective observational study conducted for 3 years in a tertiary care unit, where all babies born < 37 weeks screened by heel prick for Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH) were included.

Clinical Profile of Adolescents With Delayed Puberty.

One year study on forty-eight adolescents with delayed puberty revealed etiology of constitutional delay, hypogonadotrophic hypogonadism (HH), hypergonadotrophic hypogonadism, chronic systemic disease, hypothyroidism and sex reversal in 14(29.2%), 13 (27%), 12 (25%), 5 (10.4%), 3 (6.

Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus in Adolescents From Southern India - A Single Center Experience.

This 1-year follow-up study was conducted on 21 subjects with type 2 diabetes mellitus. We found reduction in glycosylated hemoglobin from 10.5% to 8.

Factors influencing growth in children with growth hormone deficiency - a case-control study.

Introduction: To assess the response of South Indian children with growth hormone deficiency (GHD) to growth hormone therapy, optimal duration of therapy for good catch up, and factors determining the response of our children to growth hormone therapy.

Material And Methods: We conducted a case control study at a paediatric endocrine unit of a tertiary paediatric hospital. Children diagnosed with growth hormone deficiency were initiated on GH (cases) or followed up without GH therapy (controls).

Care of children with type 1 diabetes mellitus in school - An interventional study.

Objectives: Paucity of data from India on care of children with Type 1 diabetes in schools. Aims: To study assess the knowledge, attitude, practices and fear of Type 1 diabetes in school teachers and to assess the impact of an educational model on the fear of teachers and care of children in Type 1 DM at school hours.

Methods: A community based study, involving school teachers and the intervention being educating them about diabetes conducted.

Utility of the New Indian Society of Paediatric and Adolescent Endocrinology (ISPAE) Guidelines for Congenital Hypothyroidism Screening in a High Risk Unit.

Objective: To study the new ISPAE guidelines in neonates with congenital hypothyroidism and present authors' experience in managing these neonates.

Methods: A retrospective review of all babies who were screened for congenital hypothyroidism in the institution over a period of 5 y was conducted. Details pertaining to maternal risk factors, neonatal risk factors, screening TSH, venous TSH and details of etiological evaluation including: ultrasound thyroid, technetium 99m scintigraphy and anti thyroid peroxidase antibody estimation were retrieved.

A Study on New IAP 2015 Growth References in Rural South Indian Children.

Objectives: To ascertain the utility of the new pan Indian 2015 IAP references in rural South Indian children and the ability of new IAP charts to recognise children with abnormal cardiometabolic risk factors in 10 to 16 y age group.

Methods: Among school health camps conducted at two centres of Tamil Nadu- rural Vellore and rural Erode- height, weight, waist circumference, blood pressure, triceps skin-fold thickness and body fat percentage were measured by trained pediatricians and Z-scores calculated. The anthropometric measures were studied as per IAP 2015 references and compared to other national and international references.

Impact of maternal thyroid disease on neonatal thyroid status.

Objectives: Prevalence of Maternal and congenital hypothyroidism is on the rise. To present the thyroid stimulating hormone screening results in babies born to hypothyroid mothers and assess the burden, aetiology of hypothyroidism in these babies.

Methods: All antenatal mothers attending our hospital during the study period were enrolled into the study.

Congenital Nephrotic Syndrome in India in the Current Era: A Multicenter Case Series.

Background: There is a paucity of information on epidemiology, diagnosis, and treatment outcomes of congenital nephrotic syndrome (CNS) in developing countries.

Methods: Retrospective (2012-2017) review of case records undertaken across 12 Indian pediatric nephrology centers.

Results: Sixty-five children (58% male, median birth weight 2.

Perinatal transmission of dengue infection in a preterm neonate: a case report.

Dengue infection during pregnancy carries the risk of vertical transmission to the fetus and newborn. This is higher if the infection occurs late in pregnancy and the mother delivers at the height of viremia. In such a scenario, both mother and neonate are at risk of life-threatening complications.