11,906 results match your criteria: "Medulloblastoma"

Medulloblastoma, a malignant pediatric brain tumor, has a poor prognosis upon relapse, highlighting a critical clinical need. Our previous research linked medulloblastoma cell radioresistance to integrin-αvβ3 expression. β3-depleted (β3_KO) medulloblastoma cells exhibit lipid hydroxyperoxide accumulation after radiotherapy, indicating ferroptosis, a regulated cell death induced by ROS and inhibited by antioxidants such as cysteine, glutathione (GSH), and glutathione peroxidase 4 (GPx4).

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  • - Chromothripsis is a process where a single catastrophic event causes significant genomic rearrangements, but its variability across different tumor clones and response to treatments is not well understood.
  • - This study investigates chromothripsis in p53-deficient medulloblastoma and neural stem cells, focusing on the genomic and transcriptomic changes involved.
  • - The researchers analyze the order of genetic events, explore subclonal variation, and identify how chromothripsis influences cancer development, targeted therapies, and the fitness of neural progenitor cells.
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MYC-driven medulloblastoma (MB) is a highly aggressive cancer type with poor prognosis and limited treatment options. Through CRISPR-Cas9 screening of MB cell lines, we identified the Mediator-associated kinase CDK8 as a critical regulator of MYC-driven MB. Loss of CDK8 substantially reduces MYC expression, induces pronounced transcriptional changes, suppresses monosome assembly, and decreases ribosome biogenesis and protein synthesis, consequently inhibiting MB growth.

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Article Synopsis
  • * Targeting the SHH pathway with drugs like vismodegib and sonidegib shows promise, but challenges like resistance and side effects complicate treatment.
  • * Advances in CRISPR/Cas9 gene editing and the discovery of SHH pathway biomarkers are vital for personalizing therapies, improving patient outcomes, and guiding future research in CNS tumor treatment.
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Optimal immune function is crucial in preventing cancer development and growth and for the success of anti-cancer therapies. Here, we characterized the peripheral immunological status of 83 steroids-naïve pediatric patients with central nervous system neoplasia at the disease onset. Tumors were classified into low-grade gliomas (LGG), high-grade gliomas (HGG), medulloblastoma, and other tumors.

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Newcastle disease virus promotes pyroptosis in medulloblastoma cells by regulating interferon-gamma-mediated guanylate-binding protein 1 expression and activating caspase-4.

Cytojournal

October 2024

Department of Neurosurgery, Key Laboratory of Biological Targeting Diagnosis, Therapy and Rehabilitation of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong.

Objective: The literature has reported that Newcastle disease virus (NDV) can have inhibitory effects on various tumors. This study aims to investigate the mechanism by which NDV induces pyroptosis in medulloblastoma (MB) cells.

Material And Methods: We treated MB cell lines Daoy and D283 with NDV or recombinant interferon-gamma (IFN-g) proteins.

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The Abnormal Proliferation of Midbrain Dopamine Cells From Human Pluripotent Stem Cells Is Induced by Exposure to the Tumor Microenvironment.

CNS Neurosci Ther

November 2024

Department of Neurosurgery, Huashan Hospital, MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.

Article Synopsis
  • The study addresses the issue of tumorigenicity in stem cell therapies, highlighting the need for more accurate testing methods beyond traditional animal models.
  • Researchers exposed midbrain dopamine (mDA) cells from human pluripotent stem cells to a tumor microenvironment by coculturing with medulloblastoma, observing increased proliferation in both lab and living models.
  • Findings suggest that this abnormal proliferation is linked to the activation of specific genetic pathways and cytokines, indicating that such exposure can improve tumorigenicity assessment methods.
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  • MYC-driven medulloblastomas are aggressive brain tumors in children with limited treatment options and poor outcomes.
  • This study explored the combination of EZH2 and PARP inhibitors, revealing that EZH2 inhibition enhances the sensitivity of these tumors to PARP inhibitors by promoting a faulty DNA repair process.
  • The promising results from both lab and animal models suggest that targeting EZH2 alongside PARP could offer a new treatment strategy for MYC-high medulloblastomas, and further research in clinical trials is needed.
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Cost-effectiveness analysis for multi adverse events of proton beam therapy for pediatric medulloblastoma in Japan.

J Radiat Res

November 2024

Department of Health Sciences and Technology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Hokkaido University, N12-W5, Kitaku, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan.

Medulloblastomas are one of the most common malignant cancers of the central nervous system in children. Proton beam therapy (PBT) is expected to provide equivalent tumor control to photon therapy while reducing the various adverse events caused by irradiation. Few studies have considered the cost-effectiveness of PBT for pediatric medulloblastoma, considering the multiple adverse effects and reflecting on the latest treatment advancements.

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  • * Research indicates that SUN2 expression is upregulated in medulloblastoma, particularly in the SHH subtype, correlating with poorer survival rates; this was analyzed using several data analysis platforms.
  • * Reduced SUN2 levels in medulloblastoma cells affect the expression of other genes, suggesting SUN2's role is crucial for gene expression regulation and may influence tumor development in a subtype-dependent manner.
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The central and peripheral nervous system cancers are the second most common cancers among the paediatric population (0-14 years). The non-specific symptoms seen in its clinical presentation make the diagnosis of these tumours extremely challenging among children compared to adults. This research study was therefore done to study the socio-demographic profile, clinical features, and management practices among paediatric patients with intracranial tumours.

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Next-generation sequencing technologies have not only defined a breakthrough in medical genetics, but also been able to enter routine clinical practice to determine individual genetic susceptibilities. Modern technological developments are routinely introduced to genetic analysis overtaking the established approaches, potentially raising a number of challenges. To what extent is the advantage of new methodologies in synthetic metrics, such as precision and recall, more important than stability and reproducibility? Could differences in the technical protocol for calling variants be crucial to the diagnosis and, by extension, the patient's treatment strategy? A regulatory review process may delay the incorporation of potentially beneficial technologies, resulting in missed opportunities to make the right medical decisions.

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  • Pediatric posterior fossa tumors have complex diagnostic challenges due to their diverse features; this study evaluates the effectiveness of diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI) and apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) measurements to aid in tumor classification.* -
  • The study analyzed 59 patients under 18 with diagnosed posterior fossa tumors, measuring ADC values and ratios from tumor and normal brain tissues, finding significant differences in ADC values between various tumor types (pilocytic astrocytomas, ependymomas, and medulloblastomas).* -
  • Results indicate that ADC metrics can effectively differentiate these tumors, though the study suggests that future research should involve larger patient groups and advanced imaging methods to enhance diagnostic accuracy.*
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The development of cerebral cavernous malformations (CCMs) is a well-recognized sequela of irradiation to the brain in pediatric tumors, particularly in medulloblastoma, glioma, and acute lymphoblastic leukaemia. So far, only one case of cerebral cavernoma after chemotherapy with autologous hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) has been described. We describe a case of a patient with medulloblastoma aged 18 months at the time of oncological diagnosis who was treated with high-dose chemotherapy followed by HSCT and who developed CCM two years later.

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  • Mismatch repair (MMR) deficiency can lead to diseases like constitutional mismatch repair deficiency (CMMRD) syndrome and Lynch syndrome (LS), both linked to various tumors, including brain cancers, mainly affecting adults but with some pediatric cases.
  • A study from hospitals in Hong Kong identified five patients with MMR gene mutations, revealing that four had CMMRD syndrome with various brain tumors and one had LS associated with a medulloblastoma at age 10.
  • The study noted that all CMMRD patients had café-au-lait macules (CALMs) since birth, and highlighted the challenges in diagnosing CMMRD due to similarities with other syndromes, emphasizing the need for better clinical differentiation of CALM-related genetic
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  • The study investigates the link between maternal illnesses during pregnancy and the risk of childhood cancers, utilizing detailed medical records to avoid recall bias.
  • Findings indicate that maternal anaemia is significantly associated with increased odds of childhood acute myeloid leukaemia (AML) and several embryonal tumours, suggesting a need for further investigation into nutritional deficiencies.
  • Other potential associations were noted for urinary tract infections (UTIs) and preeclampsia with non-Hodgkin lymphoma, but these findings are less conclusive and require caution due to limited data.
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Background: Medulloblastoma (MB) is the pediatric population's most frequent malignant intracranial lesions. Prognostication plays a crucial role in optimizing treatment strategy in the MB setting. Several studies have developed ML-based models to predict survival outcomes in individuals with MB.

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Background: Medulloblastoma (MB) is a malignant pediatric central nervous system tumor that is prone to leptomeningeal metastasis. Currently, apart from magnetic resonance imaging and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) cytology, there are no reliable biomarkers for MB progression. Cytokines are key proteins in signaling pathways in the tumor microenvironment and are closely related to tumor recurrence and progression.

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: Adult medulloblastoma is a rare entity, with management data extrapolated from pediatric medulloblastoma cases. We aim to report the clinical characteristics, prognostic factors, and treatment outcome of a cohort of adult patients with medulloblastoma. : Fifty-three patients aged ≥ 18 years with medulloblastoma treated at King Hussein Cancer Center between 2007 and 2019 were retrospectively reviewed.

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The impact of the tissue context on tumor growth and drug response in medulloblastoma (MB) is poorly understood. To gain insights into the growth and dissemination behavior of the MB tumor cells under treatment, we combined three-dimensional cell culture screening with ex vivo organotypic cerebellum slice co-culture (OCSC), which allowed the assessment of tumor cell behavior in the tissue context. To identify druggable kinase pathways involved in invasion, we screened a panel of 274 kinase inhibitors and identified aurora kinase B (AURKB) as a potential anti-invasion drug target in MB.

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The pivotal role of autophagy in the pathogenesis and therapy of medulloblastoma.

Future Oncol

December 2024

Department of Biochemistry and Forensic Sciences, School of Chemistry and Biochemical Science, C. K. Tedam University of Technology and Applied Sciences, P. O. Box 24, Navrongo, Ghana.

Medulloblastoma (MB) is the most frequent malignant brain tumor in children. MB originates from neural precursor cells in distinctive regions of the rhombic lip and their maturation occurs in the cerebellum or the brain stem during embryonal development. Autophagy is also referred to as self-eating' which is a catabolic process that often triggers cellular homeostasis through the salvaging of degenerated proteins as well as organelles.

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